Lubricating oil compositions having improved cleanliness and wear performance

ABSTRACT

A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improving deposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil. The formulated oil has a composition including a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and specific combinations of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/or mixtures thereof, as a minor component. The low soap detergents include alkaline earth metal salicylates, alkaline earth metal sulfonates, or mixtures thereof, all having the same or different total base number (TBN). The total amount of soap delivered by the low soap detergent is less than 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil. The dispersants include borated and/or non-borated polyisobutylene succinimide (PIMA) having a basic nitrogen content of 1% or greater. The lubricating oils are useful in internal combustion engines.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/578,711, and co-pending U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/578,723and 62/578,696, all filed on Oct. 30, 2017, the entire contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to methods for improving wear control, whilemaintaining or improving deposit control and cleanliness, in an engineor other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricating oil, throughthe use of a formulated lubricating oil. This disclosure also relates tolubricating oil compositions having specific combinations of low soapdetergents, dispersants and/or mixtures thereof, which are effective forimproving wear control, while maintaining or improving deposit controland cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricatedwith the lubricating oil. The lubricating oils are useful in internalcombustion engines.

BACKGROUND

Lubricant-related performance characteristics such as high temperaturedeposit and varnish control, fuel economy and wear protection areextremely advantageous attributes as measured by a variety of bench andengine tests. It is known that selection of detergent system cansignificantly impact cleanliness over a wide temperature range as wellas fuel efficiency and wear. In particular, it is known that the surfaceactivity or soap content of the detergent system can contribute tocleanliness performance.

Typically, selection of surface active, high soap detergent is expectedto have a significant impact in improving cleanliness and in certaincases (salicylate detergent) fuel economy performance. Unfortunately,changing detergent soap content can have an adverse effect on otherimportant lubricant parameters. Many current detergent chemistries thatimprove deposit performance yield higher than acceptable wear, since thepresence of surface active detergents can impede formation of protectiveantiwear films.

Formulating a PCMO requires a careful balance of additive chemistry toachieve the desired performance characteristics in terms of wear,cleanliness, fuel economy, LSPI prevention, etc.

A major challenge in engine oil formulation is simultaneously achievingwear, deposit, and varnish control while also maintaining fuel economyperformance, over a broad temperature range. Improved cleanliness andwear performance of lubricants are of significant importance for futurespecifications. Additionally, such lubricants must not compromise onother performance dimensions (such as fuel economy). Therefore it isimportant to formulate lubricants which can deliver step-out performanceacross a broad range of performance dimensions. More methods thatprovide the combination of wear protection and improved cleanliness willenable greater lubricant formulation flexibility, differentiation.

SUMMARY

This disclosure relates to methods for improving wear control, whilemaintaining or improving deposit control and cleanliness, in an engineor other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricating oil, throughthe use of a formulated lubricating oil. This disclosure also relates tolubricating oil compositions having specific combinations of low soapdetergents, dispersants and/or mixtures thereof as described herein,that are effective for improving wear control, while maintaining orimproving deposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or othermechanical component lubricated with the lubricating oil. Thelubricating oils are useful in internal combustion engines.

This disclosure relates in part to a method for improving wear control,while maintaining or improving deposit control and cleanliness, in anengine or other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricating oilby using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil. The formulated oil hasa composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a majorcomponent, and at least one detergent, as a minor component. The atleast one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, analkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the sameor different total base number (TBN). The total amount of soap deliveredby the at least one detergent is less than about 0.60 weight percent ofthe lubricating oil. Wear control is improved and deposit control andcleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wear control,deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least one detergent.

This disclosure also relates in part to a lubricating oil compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and atleast one detergent, as a minor component. The at least one detergentcomprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the same or different totalbase number (TBN). The total amount of soap delivered by the at leastone detergent is less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil. In an engine or other mechanical component lubricated with thelubricating oil, wear control is improved and deposit control andcleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wear control,deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least one detergent.

This disclosure further relates in part to a method for improving wearcontrol, while maintaining or improving deposit control and cleanliness,in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricatingoil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil. The formulated oilhas a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a majorcomponent, and at least two detergents, as minor components. The atleast two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, analkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof. At least one of thedetergents has a total base number (TBN) greater than about 150, and atleast one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150. The totalamount of soap delivered by the at least two detergents is less thanabout 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil. Wear control isimproved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improvedas compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achievedusing a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the atleast two detergents.

This disclosure yet further relates in part to a lubricating oilcomposition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a majorcomponent, and at least two detergents, as minor components. The atleast two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, analkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof. At least one of thedetergents has a total base number (TBN) greater than about 150, and atleast one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150. The totalamount of soap delivered by the at least two detergents is less thanabout 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil. In an engine or othermechanical component lubricated with the lubricating oil, wear controlis improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained orimproved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least two detergents.

This disclosure still further relates in part to a method for improvingwear control, while maintaining or improving deposit control andcleanliness, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated witha lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil. Theformulated oil has a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stockas a major component, and at least one detergent and at least onedispersant, as minor components. The at least one detergent comprises analkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, ormixtures thereof, all having the same or different total base number(TBN). The total amount of soap delivered by the at least one detergentis less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil. The atleast one dispersant comprises a borated or non-borated(poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, or mixtures thereof. The at least onedispersant has a basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater. Wearcontrol is improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintainedor improved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least one detergent and the at least one dispersant.

This disclosure also relates in part to a lubricating oil compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and atleast one detergent and at least one dispersant, as minor components.The at least one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate,an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having thesame or different total base number (TBN). The total amount of soapdelivered by the at least one detergent is less than about 0.60 weightpercent of the lubricating oil. The at least one dispersant comprises aborated or non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, ahydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof. The at least one dispersant has a basic nitrogen content ofabout 1% or greater. In an engine or other mechanical componentlubricated with the lubricating oil, wear control is improved anddeposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improved as comparedto wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent and the at least one dispersant.

This disclosure further relates in part to a method for improving wearcontrol, while maintaining or improving deposit control and cleanliness,in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricatingoil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil. The formulated oilhas a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a majorcomponent, and at least two detergents and at least one dispersant, asminor components. The at least two detergents comprise an alkaline earthmetal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixturesthereof. At least one of the detergents has a total base number (TBN)greater than about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than about 150. The total amount of soap delivered by the at leasttwo detergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil. The at least one dispersant comprises a borated or non-borated(poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, or mixtures thereof. The at least onedispersant has a basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater. Wearcontrol is improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintainedor improved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least two detergents and the at least one dispersant.

This disclosure yet further relates in part to a lubricating oilcomposition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a majorcomponent, and at least two detergents and at least one dispersant, asminor components. The at least two detergents comprise an alkaline earthmetal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixturesthereof. At least one of the detergents has a total base number (TBN)greater than about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than about 150. The total amount of soap delivered by the at leasttwo detergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil. The at least one dispersant comprises a borated or non-boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic anhydride derivative, or mixtures thereof. The at least onedispersant has a basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater. In anengine or other mechanical component lubricated with the lubricatingoil, wear control is improved and deposit control and cleanliness aremaintained or improved as compared to wear control, deposit control andcleanliness achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least two detergents and the at least onedispersant.

This disclosure still further relates in part to a method for improvingwear control, while maintaining or improving deposit control andcleanliness, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated witha lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil. Theformulated oil has a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stockas a major component, and at least one detergent and at least twodispersants, as minor components. The at least one detergent comprisesan alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate,or mixtures thereof, all having the same or different total base number(TBN). The total amount of soap delivered by the at least one detergentis less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil. The atleast two dispersants comprise at least one borated dispersant and atleast one non-borated dispersant. The at least one borated dispersantcomprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof. The at least one borated dispersant is present in an amountsufficient to provide a total boron concentration of about 500 parts permillion or less in the lubricating oil. The at least one non-borateddispersant comprises a (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, or mixturesthereof. The at least one non-borated dispersant has a basic nitrogencontent of about 1% or greater. Wear control is improved and depositcontrol and cleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wearcontrol, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricatingoil containing a minor component other than the at least one detergentand the at least two dispersants.

This disclosure also relates in part to a lubricating oil compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component, and atleast one detergent and at least two dispersants, as minor components.The at least one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate,an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having thesame or different total base number (TBN). The total amount of soapdelivered by the at least one detergent is less than about 0.60 weightpercent of the lubricating oil. The at least two dispersants comprise atleast one borated dispersant and at least one non-borated dispersant.The at least one borated dispersant comprises a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a borated hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic anhydride derivative, or mixtures thereof. The at least onenon-borated dispersant comprises a non-borated hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic acid, a non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydridederivative, or mixtures thereof. The at least one borated dispersant ispresent in an amount sufficient to provide a total boron concentrationof about 500 parts per million or less in the lubricating oil. The atleast one non-borated dispersant has a basic nitrogen content of about1% or greater. In an engine or other mechanical component lubricatedwith the lubricating oil, wear control is improved and deposit controland cleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wear control,deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least one detergent andthe at least two dispersants.

This disclosure further relates in part to a method for improving wearcontrol, while maintaining or improving deposit control and cleanliness,in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated with a lubricatingoil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil, said formulatedoil having a composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as amajor component, and at least two detergents and at least twodispersants, as minor components. The at least two detergents comprisean alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate,or mixtures thereof. At least one of the detergents has a total basenumber (TBN) greater than about 150, and at least one of the detergentshas a TBN less than about 150. The total amount of soap delivered by theat least two detergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of thelubricating oil. The at least two dispersants comprise at least oneborated dispersant and at least one non-borated dispersant. The at leastone borated dispersant comprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic acid, a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydridederivative, or mixtures thereof. The at least one borated dispersant ispresent in an amount sufficient to provide a total boron concentrationof about 500 parts per million or less in the lubricating oil. The atleast one non-borated dispersant comprises a (poly)alkenylsuccinicderivative, or mixtures thereof. The at least one non-borated dispersanthas a basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater. Wear control isimproved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improvedas compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achievedusing a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the atleast two detergents and the at least two dispersants.

This disclosure yet further relates in part to a lubricating oilcomposition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a majorcomponent, and at least two detergents and at least two dispersants, asminor components. The at least two detergents comprise an alkaline earthmetal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixturesthereof. At least one of the detergents has a total base number (TBN)greater than about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than about 150. The total amount of soap delivered by the at leasttwo detergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil. The at least two dispersants comprise at least one borateddispersant and at least one non-borated dispersant. The at least oneborated dispersant comprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinicacid, a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative,or mixtures thereof. The at least one non-borated dispersant comprises anon-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a non-boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof. The at least one borated dispersant is present in an amountsufficient to provide a total boron concentration of about 500 parts permillion or less in the lubricating oil. The at least one non-borateddispersant has a basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater. In anengine or other mechanical component lubricated with the lubricatingoil, wear control is improved and deposit control and cleanliness aremaintained or improved as compared to wear control, deposit control andcleanliness achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least two detergents and the at least twodispersants.

It has been surprisingly found that, in accordance with this disclosure,improvements in wear control, deposit control and cleanliness areobtained, through the use of lubricating oil compositions havingspecific combinations of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/ormixtures thereof as described herein.

In particular, it has been surprisingly found that, in accordance withthis disclosure, using a lubricating oil containing a specificcombination of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/or mixtures thereofas described herein, elongation of timing chain due to wear of chainlink pins is less than about 0.07%, as determined by Ford Chain Wear(FCW) test conducted in a gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine asdescribed herein; and in wear measurements of the lubricating oil by aSequence IVB engine test as described herein, intake lifter wear (mm³)is improved as compared to intake lifter wear (mm³) achieved using alubricating oil containing a lubricating oil additive other than aspecific combination of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/ormixtures thereof as described herein.

Also, in particular, it has been surprisingly found that, in accordancewith this disclosure, in deposit measurements of the lubricating oil bythermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST 33C) measured by ASTMD6335, the amount of total deposits is reduced as compared to the amountof total deposits in a lubricating oil containing a lubricating oiladditive other than a specific combination of low soap detergents,dispersants, and/or mixtures thereof as described herein; and in depositmeasurements of the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engine oilsimulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTM D7097, the amount of totaldeposits is reduced as compared to the amount of total deposits in alubricating oil containing a lubricating oil additive other than aspecific combination of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/ormixtures thereof as described herein.

Further, in particular, it has been surprisingly found that, inaccordance with this disclosure, piston cleanliness (merits) is improvedas compared to piston cleanliness (merits) achieved using a lubricatingoil containing a lubricating oil additive other than a specificcombination of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/or mixtures thereofas described herein, as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 test engine inaccordance with CEC L78-T-99 test procedure.

Other objects and advantages of the present disclosure will becomeapparent from the detailed description that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 summarizes soap titration impact on piston cleanliness inaccordance with the Examples.

FIG. 2 summarizes piston cleanliness and wear performance of low soapformulations in accordance with the Examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

All numerical values within the detailed description and the claimsherein are modified by “about” or “approximately” the indicated value,and take into account experimental error and variations that would beexpected by a person having ordinary skill in the art. The phrase “majoramount” as it relates to components included within the lubricating oilsof the specification and the claims means greater than or equal to 50wt. %, or greater than or equal to 60 wt. %, or greater than or equal to70 wt. %, or greater than or equal to 80 wt. %, or greater than or equalto 90 wt. % based on the total weight of the lubricating oil. The phrase“minor amount” as it relates to components included within thelubricating oils of the specification and the claims means less than 50wt. %, or less than or equal to 40 wt. %, or less than or equal to 30wt. %, or greater than or equal to 20 wt. %, or less than or equal to 10wt. %, or less than or equal to 5 wt. %, or less than or equal to 2 wt.%, or less than or equal to 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of thelubricating oil. The phrase “essentially free” as it relates tocomponents included within the lubricating oils of the specification andthe claims means that the particular component is at 0 weight % withinthe lubricating oil, or alternatively is at impurity type levels withinthe lubricating oil (less than 100 ppm, or less than 20 ppm, or lessthan 10 ppm, or less than 1 ppm). The phrase “other lubricating oiladditives” as used in the specification and the claims means otherlubricating oil additives that are not specifically recited in theparticular section of the specification or the claims. For example,other lubricating oil additives may include, but are not limited to,antioxidants, detergents, dispersants, antiwear additives, corrosioninhibitors, viscosity modifiers, metal passivators, pour pointdepressants, seal compatibility agents, antifoam agents, extremepressure agents, friction modifiers and combinations thereof.

It has now been found that improvements in wear control, deposit controland cleanliness can be obtained, through the use of lubricating oilcompositions having specific combinations of low soap detergents,dispersants, and/or mixtures thereof as described herein.

In an embodiment, the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosurecontain a specific type of detergent (for example, low soap salicylates,low soap sulfonates, and mixtures thereof) in combination with aspecific dispersant system (for example, combination ofPIBSA/borated-PIBSA) along with other typical lubricant additives. Whenall ingredients are present in the appropriate concentrations, thelubricating oil formulations of this disclosure provide improvedcleanliness and deposit control while also minimizing wear as shown bybench and engine testing in the Examples.

The present disclosure provides lubricant compositions with excellentwear control, deposit control and cleanliness performance propertiesattained through the use of lubricating oil compositions having specificcombinations of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/or mixturesthereof as described herein. Antiwear additives are generally requiredfor reducing wear in operating equipment where two solid surfaces engagein contact. In the absence of antiwear chemistry, the surfaces can rubtogether causing material loss on one or both surfaces which caneventually lead to equipment malfunction and failure. Antiwear additivescan produce a protective surface layer which reduces wear and materialloss. Most commonly the materials of interest are metals such as steeland other iron-containing alloys. However, other materials such asceramics, polymer coatings, diamond-like carbon, correspondingcomposites, and the like can also be used to produce durable surfaces inmodern equipment. The lubricant compositions of this disclosure canprovide wear control, deposit control and cleanliness performanceproperties through the use of lubricating oil compositions havingspecific combinations of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/ormixtures thereof as described herein.

The lubricant compositions of this disclosure provide advantaged wear,including advantaged wear and friction, performance, and deposit controland cleanliness performance, in the lubrication of internal combustionengines, power trains, drivelines, transmissions, gears, gear trains,valve trains, gear sets, and the like, through the use of lubricatingoil compositions having specific combinations of low soap detergents,dispersants, and/or mixtures thereof as described herein.

Also, the lubricant compositions of this disclosure provide advantagedwear, including advantaged wear and friction, performance, and depositcontrol and cleanliness performance, in the lubrication of mechanicalcomponents, which can include, for example, pistons, piston rings,cylinder liners, cylinders, cams, tappets, lifters, bearings (journal,roller, tapered, needle, ball, and the like), gears, valves, and thelike, through the use of lubricating oil compositions having specificcombinations of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/or mixturesthereof as described herein.

Further, the lubricant compositions of this disclosure provideadvantaged wear, including advantaged wear and friction, performance,and deposit control and cleanliness performance, as a component inlubricant compositions, which can include, for example, lubricatingliquids, semi-solids, solids, greases, dispersions, suspensions,material concentrates, additive concentrates, and the like.

Also, the lubricant compositions of this disclosure provide advantagedwear, including advantaged wear and friction, performance, and depositcontrol and cleanliness performance, in spark-ignition internalcombustion engines, compression-ignition internal combustion engines,mixed-ignition (spark-assisted and compression) internal combustionengines, and the like, through the use of lubricating oil compositionshaving specific combinations of low soap detergents, dispersants, and/ormixtures thereof as described herein.

Further, the lubricant compositions of this disclosure provideadvantaged wear, including advantaged wear and friction, performance,and deposit control and cleanliness performance, through the use oflubricating oil compositions having specific combinations of low soapdetergents, dispersants, and/or mixtures thereof as described herein, onlubricated surfaces that include, for example, the following: metals,metal alloys, non-metals, non-metal alloys, mixed carbon-metalcomposites and alloys, mixed carbon-nonmetal composites and alloys,ferrous metals, ferrous composites and alloys, non-ferrous metals,non-ferrous composites and alloys, titanium, titanium composites andalloys, aluminum, aluminum composites and alloys, magnesium, magnesiumcomposites and alloys, ion-implanted metals and alloys, plasma modifiedsurfaces; surface modified materials; coatings; mono-layer, multi-layer,and gradient layered coatings; honed surfaces; polished surfaces; etchedsurfaces; textured surfaces; mircro and nano structures on texturedsurfaces; super-finished surfaces; diamond-like carbon (DLC), DLC withhigh-hydrogen content, DLC with moderate hydrogen content, DLC withlow-hydrogen content, DLC with near-zero hydrogen content, DLCcomposites, DLC-metal compositions and composites, DLC-nonmetalcompositions and composites; ceramics, ceramic oxides, ceramic nitrides,FeN, CrN, ceramic carbides, mixed ceramic compositions, and the like;polymers, thermoplastic polymers, engineered polymers, polymer blends,polymer alloys, polymer composites; materials compositions andcomposites containing dry lubricants, that include, for example,graphite, carbon, molybdenum, molybdenum disulfide,polytetrafluoroethylene, polyperfluoropropylene,polyperfluoroalkylethers, and the like.

Lubricating Oil Base Stocks and Co-Base Stocks

A wide range of lubricating base oils is known in the art. Lubricatingbase oils that are useful in the present disclosure are natural oils,mineral oils and synthetic oils, and unconventional oils (or mixturesthereof) can be used unrefined, refined, or rerefined (the latter isalso known as reclaimed or reprocessed oil). Unrefined oils are thoseobtained directly from a natural or synthetic source and used withoutadded purification. These include shale oil obtained directly fromretorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primarydistillation, and ester oil obtained directly from an esterificationprocess. Refined oils are similar to the oils discussed for unrefinedoils except refined oils are subjected to one or more purification stepsto improve at least one lubricating oil property. One skilled in the artis familiar with many purification processes. These processes includesolvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, baseextraction, filtration, and percolation. Rerefined oils are obtained byprocesses analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has beenpreviously used as a feed stock.

Groups I, II, III, IV and V are broad base oil stock categoriesdeveloped and defined by the American Petroleum Institute (APIPublication 1509; www.API.org) to create guidelines for lubricant baseoils. Group I base stocks have a viscosity index of between about 80 to120 and contain greater than about 0.03% sulfur and/or less than about90% saturates. Group II base stocks have a viscosity index of betweenabout 80 to 120, and contain less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfurand greater than or equal to about 90% saturates. Group III stocks havea viscosity index greater than about 120 and contain less than or equalto about 0.03% sulfur and greater than about 90% saturates. Group IVincludes polyalphaolefins (PAO). Group V base stock includes base stocksnot included in Groups I-IV. The table below summarizes properties ofeach of these five groups.

Base Oil Properties Saturates Sulfur Viscosity Index Group I <90 and/or >0.03% and ≥80 and <120 Group II ≥90 and ≤0.03% and ≥80 and <120 GroupIII ≥90 and ≤0.03% and ≥120 Group IV polyalphaolefins (PAO) Group V Allother base oil stocks not included in Groups I, II, III or IV

Natural oils include animal oils, vegetable oils (castor oil and lardoil, for example), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oilspossessing favorable thermal oxidative stability can be used. Of thenatural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as totheir crude source, for example, as to whether they are paraffinic,naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal orshale are also useful. Natural oils vary also as to the method used fortheir production and purification, for example, their distillation rangeand whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solventextracted.

Group II and/or Group III hydroprocessed or hydrocracked base stocks arealso well known base stock oils.

Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oil. Hydrocarbon oils include oilssuch as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (polybutylenes,polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefincopolymers, and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers, for example).Polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil base stocks are commonly used synthetichydrocarbon oil. By way of example, PAOs derived from C₈, C₁₀, C₁₂, C₁₄olefins or mixtures thereof may be utilized. See U.S. Pat. Nos.4,956,122; 4,827,064; and 4,827,073.

The number average molecular weights of the PAOs, which are knownmaterials and generally available on a major commercial scale fromsuppliers such as ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Chevron Phillips ChemicalCompany, BP, and others, typically vary from about 250 to about 3,000,although PAO's may be made in viscosities up to about 150 cSt (100° C.).The PAOs are typically comprised of relatively low molecular weighthydrogenated polymers or oligomers of alphaolefins which include, butare not limited to, C₂ to about C₃₂ alphaolefins with the C₈ to aboutC₁₆ alphaolefins, such as 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene and the like,being preferred. The preferred polyalphaolefins are poly-1-octene,poly-1-decene and poly-1-dodecene and mixtures thereof and mixedolefin-derived polyolefins. However, the dimers of higher olefins in therange of C₁₂ to C₁₈ may be used to provide low viscosity base stocks ofacceptably low volatility. Depending on the viscosity grade and thestarting oligomer, the PAOs may be predominantly dimers, trimers andtetramers of the starting olefins, with minor amounts of the lowerand/or higher oligomers, having a viscosity range of 1.5 cSt to 12 cSt.PAO fluids of particular use may include 3 cSt, 3.4 cSt, and/or 3.6 cStand combinations thereof. Mixtures of PAO fluids having a viscosityrange of 1.5 cSt to approximately 150 cSt or more may be used ifdesired. Unless indicated otherwise, all viscosities cited herein aremeasured at 100° C.

The PAO fluids may be conveniently made by the polymerization of analphaolefin in the presence of a polymerization catalyst such as theFriedel-Crafts catalysts including, for example, aluminum trichloride,boron trifluoride or complexes of boron trifluoride with water, alcoholssuch as ethanol, propanol or butanol, carboxylic acids or esters such asethyl acetate or ethyl propionate. For example the methods disclosed byU.S. Pat. Nos. 4,149,178 or 3,382,291 may be conveniently used herein.Other descriptions of PAO synthesis are found in the following U.S. Pat.Nos. 3,742,082; 3,769,363; 3,876,720; 4,239,930; 4,367,352; 4,413,156;4,434,408; 4,910,355; 4,956,122; and 5,068,487. The dimers of the C₁₄ toC₁₈ olefins are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,330.

Other useful lubricant oil base stocks include wax isomerate base stocksand base oils, comprising hydroisomerized waxy stocks (e.g. waxy stockssuch as gas oils, slack waxes, fuels hydrocracker bottoms, etc.),hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes, Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base stocksand base oils, and other wax isomerate hydroisomerized base stocks andbase oils, or mixtures thereof. Fischer-Tropsch waxes, the high boilingpoint residues of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, are highly paraffinichydrocarbons with very low sulfur content. The hydroprocessing used forthe production of such base stocks may use an amorphoushydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, such as one of thespecialized lube hydrocracking (LHDC) catalysts or a crystallinehydrocracking/hydroisomerization catalyst, preferably a zeoliticcatalyst. For example, one useful catalyst is ZSM-48 as described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,075,269, the disclosure of which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. Processes for makinghydrocracked/hydroisomerized distillates andhydrocracked/hydroisomerized waxes are described, for example, in U.S.Pat. Nos. 2,817,693; 4,975,177; 4,921,594 and 4,897,178 as well as inBritish Patent Nos. 1,429,494; 1,350,257; 1,440,230 and 1,390,359. Eachof the aforementioned patents is incorporated herein in their entirety.Particularly favorable processes are described in European PatentApplication Nos. 464546 and 464547, also incorporated herein byreference. Processes using Fischer-Tropsch wax feeds are described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 4,594,172 and 4,943,672, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils,and other wax-derived hydroisomerized (wax isomerate) base oils may beadvantageously used in the instant disclosure, and may have usefulkinematic viscosities at 100° C. of about 2 cSt to about 50 cSt,preferably about 2 cSt to about 30 cSt, more preferably about 3 cSt toabout 25 cSt, as exemplified by GTL 4 with kinematic viscosity of about4.0 cSt at 100° C. and a viscosity index of about 141. TheseGas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived base oils,and other wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils may have useful pourpoints of about −20° C. or lower, and under some conditions may haveadvantageous pour points of about −25° C. or lower, with useful pourpoints of about −30° C. to about −40° C. or lower. Useful compositionsof Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) base oils, Fischer-Tropsch wax derived baseoils, and wax-derived hydroisomerized base oils are recited in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,080,301; 6,090,989, and 6,165,949 for example, and areincorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

The hydrocarbyl aromatics can be used as a base oil or base oilcomponent and can be any hydrocarbyl molecule that contains at leastabout 5% of its weight derived from an aromatic moiety such as abenzenoid moiety or naphthenoid moiety, or their derivatives. Thesehydrocarbyl aromatics include alkyl benzenes, alkyl naphthalenes, alkylbiphenyls, alkyl diphenyl oxides, alkyl naphthols, alkyl diphenylsulfides, alkylated bis-phenol A, alkylated thiodiphenol, and the like.The aromatic can be mono-alkylated, dialkylated, polyalkylated, and thelike. The aromatic can be mono- or poly-functionalized. The hydrocarbylgroups can also be comprised of mixtures of alkyl groups, alkenylgroups, alkynyl, cycloalkyl groups, cycloalkenyl groups and otherrelated hydrocarbyl groups. The hydrocarbyl groups can range from aboutC₆ up to about C₆₀ with a range of about C₈ to about C₂₀ often beingpreferred. A mixture of hydrocarbyl groups is often preferred, and up toabout three such substituents may be present. The hydrocarbyl group canoptionally contain sulfur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen containingsubstituents. The aromatic group can also be derived from natural(petroleum) sources, provided at least about 5% of the molecule iscomprised of an above-type aromatic moiety. Viscosities at 100° C. ofapproximately 2 cSt to about 50 cSt are preferred, with viscosities ofapproximately 3 cSt to about 20 cSt often being more preferred for thehydrocarbyl aromatic component. In one embodiment, an alkyl naphthalenewhere the alkyl group is primarily comprised of 1-hexadecene is used.Other alkylates of aromatics can be advantageously used. Naphthalene ormethyl naphthalene, for example, can be alkylated with olefins such asoctene, decene, dodecene, tetradecene or higher, mixtures of similarolefins, and the like. Alkylated naphthalene and analogues may alsocomprise compositions with isomeric distribution of alkylating groups onthe alpha and beta carbon positions of the ring structure. Distributionof groups on the alpha and beta positions of a naphthalene ring mayrange from 100:1 to 1:100, more often 50:1 to 1:50 Useful concentrationsof hydrocarbyl aromatic in a lubricant oil composition can be about 2%to about 50%, preferably about 4% to about 20%, and more preferablyabout 4% to about 15%, depending on the application.

Alkylated aromatics such as the hydrocarbyl aromatics of the presentdisclosure may be produced by well-known Friedel-Crafts alkylation ofaromatic compounds. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Olah, G.A. (ed.), Inter-science Publishers, New York, 1963. For example, anaromatic compound, such as benzene or naphthalene, is alkylated by anolefin, alkyl halide or alcohol in the presence of a Friedel-Craftscatalyst. See Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions, Vol. 2, part 1,chapters 14, 17, and 18, See Olah, G. A. (ed.), Inter-sciencePublishers, New York, 1964. Many homogeneous or heterogeneous, solidcatalysts are known to one skilled in the art. The choice of catalystdepends on the reactivity of the starting materials and product qualityrequirements. For example, strong acids such as AlCl₃, BF₃, or HF may beused. In some cases, milder catalysts such as FeCl₃ or SnCl₄ arepreferred. Newer alkylation technology uses zeolites or solid superacids.

Esters comprise a useful base stock. Additive solvency and sealcompatibility characteristics may be secured by the use of esters suchas the esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols and the polyol estersof monocarboxylic acids. Esters of the former type include, for example,the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid,alkyl succinic acid, alkenyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid,suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic aciddimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc.,with a variety of alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecylalcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc. Specific examples of these types ofesters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexylfumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate,dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, etc.

Particularly useful synthetic esters are those which are obtained byreacting one or more polyhydric alcohols, preferably the hinderedpolyols (such as the neopentyl polyols, e.g., neopentyl glycol,trimethylol ethane, 2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-propanediol, trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol) with alkanoic acidscontaining at least about 4 carbon atoms, preferably C₅ to C₃₀ acidssuch as saturated straight chain fatty acids including caprylic acid,capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid,arachic acid, and behenic acid, or the corresponding branched chainfatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, or mixturesof any of these materials.

Suitable synthetic ester components include the esters of trimethylolpropane, trimethylol butane, trimethylol ethane, pentaerythritol and/ordipentaerythritol with one or more monocarboxylic acids containing fromabout 5 to about 10 carbon atoms. These esters are widely availablecommercially, for example, the Mobil P-41 and P-51 esters of ExxonMobilChemical Company.

Also useful are esters derived from renewable material such as coconut,palm, rapeseed, soy, sunflower and the like. These esters may bemonoesters, di-esters, polyol esters, complex esters, or mixturesthereof. These esters are widely available commercially, for example,the Mobil P-51 ester of ExxonMobil Chemical Company.

Engine oil formulations containing renewable esters are included in thisdisclosure. For such formulations, the renewable content of the ester istypically greater than about 70 weight percent, preferably more thanabout 80 weight percent and most preferably more than about 90 weightpercent.

Other useful fluids of lubricating viscosity include non-conventional orunconventional base stocks that have been processed, preferablycatalytically, or synthesized to provide high performance lubricationcharacteristics.

Non-conventional or unconventional base stocks/base oils include one ormore of a mixture of base stock(s) derived from one or moreGas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials, as well as isomerate/isodewaxate basestock(s) derived from natural wax or waxy feeds, mineral and ornon-mineral oil waxy feed stocks such as slack waxes, natural waxes, andwaxy stocks such as gas oils, waxy fuels hydrocracker bottoms, waxyraffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, or other mineral, mineraloil, or even non-petroleum oil derived waxy materials such as waxymaterials received from coal liquefaction or shale oil, and mixtures ofsuch base stocks.

GTL materials are materials that are derived via one or more synthesis,combination, transformation, rearrangement, and/ordegradation/deconstructive processes from gaseous carbon-containingcompounds, hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stockssuch as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, methane,ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, propylene, propyne, butane,butylenes, and butynes. GTL base stocks and/or base oils are GTLmaterials of lubricating viscosity that are generally derived fromhydrocarbons; for example, waxy synthesized hydrocarbons, that arethemselves derived from simpler gaseous carbon-containing compounds,hydrogen-containing compounds and/or elements as feed stocks. GTL basestock(s) and/or base oil(s) include oils boiling in the lube oil boilingrange (1) separated/fractionated from synthesized GTL materials such as,for example, by distillation and subsequently subjected to a final waxprocessing step which involves either or both of a catalytic dewaxingprocess, or a solvent dewaxing process, to produce lube oils ofreduced/low pour point; (2) synthesized wax isomerates, comprising, forexample, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxedsynthesized wax or waxy hydrocarbons; (3) hydrodewaxed orhydroisomerized cat and/or solvent dewaxed Fischer-Tropsch (F-T)material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxy hydrocarbons, waxes and possibleanalogous oxygenates); preferably hydrodewaxed orhydroisomerized/followed by cat and/or solvent dewaxing dewaxed F-T waxyhydrocarbons, or hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat (orsolvent) dewaxing dewaxed, F-T waxes, or mixtures thereof.

GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) derived from GTL materials,especially, hydrodewaxed or hydroisomerized/followed by cat and/orsolvent dewaxed wax or waxy feed, preferably F-T material derived basestock(s) and/or base oil(s), are characterized typically as havingkinematic viscosities at 100° C. of from about 2 mm²/s to about 50 mm²/s(ASTM D445). They are further characterized typically as having pourpoints of −5° C. to about −40° C. or lower (ASTM D97). They are alsocharacterized typically as having viscosity indices of about 80 to about140 or greater (ASTM D2270).

In addition, the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s) are typicallyhighly paraffinic (>90% saturates), and may contain mixtures ofmonocycloparaffins and multicycloparaffins in combination withnon-cyclic isoparaffins. The ratio of the naphthenic (i.e.,cycloparaffin) content in such combinations varies with the catalyst andtemperature used. Further, GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s)typically have very low sulfur and nitrogen content, generallycontaining less than about 10 ppm, and more typically less than about 5ppm of each of these elements. The sulfur and nitrogen content of GTLbase stock(s) and/or base oil(s) obtained from F-T material, especiallyF-T wax, is essentially nil. In addition, the absence of phosphorus andaromatics make this materially especially suitable for the formulationof low SAP products.

The term GTL base stock and/or base oil and/or wax isomerate base stockand/or base oil is to be understood as embracing individual fractions ofsuch materials of wide viscosity range as recovered in the productionprocess, mixtures of two or more of such fractions, as well as mixturesof one or two or more low viscosity fractions with one, two or morehigher viscosity fractions to produce a blend wherein the blend exhibitsa target kinematic viscosity.

The GTL material, from which the GTL base stock(s) and/or base oil(s)is/are derived is preferably an F-T material (i.e., hydrocarbons, waxyhydrocarbons, wax).

Base oils for use in the formulated lubricating oils useful in thepresent disclosure are any of the variety of oils corresponding to APIGroup I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oils and mixturesthereof, preferably API Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V oilsand mixtures thereof, more preferably the Group III to Group V base oilsdue to their exceptional volatility, stability, viscometric andcleanliness features. Minor quantities of Group I stock, such as theamount used to dilute additives for blending into formulated lube oilproducts, can be tolerated but should be kept to a minimum, i.e. amountsonly associated with their use as diluent/carrier oil for additives usedon an “as-received” basis. Even in regard to the Group II stocks, it ispreferred that the Group II stock be in the higher quality rangeassociated with that stock, i.e. a Group II stock having a viscosityindex in the range 100<VI<120.

The base oil constitutes the major component of the engine oil lubricantcomposition of the present disclosure and typically is present in anamount ranging from about 6 to about 99 weight percent or from about 6to about 95 weight percent, preferably from about 50 to about 99 weightpercent or from about 70 to about 95 weight percent, and more preferablyfrom about 85 to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe composition. The base oil may be selected from any of the syntheticor natural oils typically used as crankcase lubricating oils forspark-ignited and compression-ignited engines. The base oil convenientlyhas a kinematic viscosity, according to ASTM standards, of about 2.5 cStto about 18 cSt (or mm²/s) at 100° C. and preferably of about 2.5 cSt toabout 12.5 cSt (or mm²/s) at 100° C., often more preferably from about2.5 cSt to about 10 cSt. Mixtures of synthetic and natural base oils maybe used if desired. Bi-modal, tri-modal, and additional combinations ofmixtures of Group I, II, III, IV, and/or V base stocks may be used ifdesired.

The co-base stock component is present in an amount sufficient forproviding solubility, compatibility and dispersancy of polar additivesin the lubricating oil. The co-base stock component is present in thelubricating oils of this disclosure in an amount from about 1 to about99 weight percent, preferably from about 5 to about 95 weight percent,and more preferably from about 10 to about 90 weight percent.

Dispersants

During engine operation, oil-insoluble oxidation byproducts areproduced. Dispersants help keep these byproducts in solution, thusdiminishing their deposition on metal surfaces. Dispersants used in theformulation of the lubricating oil may be ashless or ash-forming innature. Preferably, the dispersant is ashless. So called ashlessdispersants are organic materials that form substantially no ash uponcombustion. For example, non-metal-containing or borated metal-freedispersants are considered ashless. In contrast, metal-containingdetergents discussed above form ash upon combustion.

Suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to arelatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar grouptypically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, orphosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.

Preferred dispersants useful in this disclosure include, for example,borated or non-borated (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivatives, borated ornon-borated polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSA) having a basic nitrogencontent of about 1% or greater, borated or non-borated succinimides,borated or non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids, boratedor non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivatives,or mixtures thereof, all having a basic nitrogen content of about 1% orgreater. The borated dispersant is present in an amount sufficient toprovide a total boron concentration of about 500 parts per million orless, or about 400 parts per million or less, or about 300 parts permillion or less, or about 200 parts per million or less, or about 100parts per million or less, in the lubricating oil.

Preferred dispersants useful in this disclosure include, for example,borated succinimides. The borated succinimides are preferably used in anamount sufficient to provide a total boron concentration of about 50 toabout 800 parts per million in the lubricating oil. Boron content in thefinished lubricating oil can vary from about 50 ppm by weight to about1000 ppm by weight, preferably from about 150 ppm by weight to about 950ppm by weight, and more preferably from about 200 ppm by weight to about800 ppm by weight, or from about 250 ppm by weight to about 750 ppm byweight.

A particularly useful class of dispersants are the (poly)alkenylsuccinicderivatives, typically produced by the reaction of a long chainhydrocarbyl substituted succinic compound, usually a hydrocarbylsubstituted succinic anhydride, with a polyhydroxy or polyaminocompound. The long chain hydrocarbyl group constituting the oleophilicportion of the molecule which confers solubility in the oil, is normallya polyisobutylene group. Many examples of this type of dispersant arewell known commercially and in the literature. Exemplary U.S. patentsdescribing such dispersants are U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,172,892; 3,2145,707;3,219,666; 3,316,177; 3,341,542; 3,444,170; 3,454,607; 3,541,012;3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,787,374 and 4,234,435. Other types of dispersantare described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,036,003; 3,200,107; 3,254,025;3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,454,555; 3,565,804; 3,413,347; 3,697,574;3,725,277; 3,725,480; 3,726,882; 4,454,059; 3,329,658; 3,449,250;3,519,565; 3,666,730; 3,687,849; 3,702,300; 4,100,082; 5,705,458. Afurther description of dispersants may be found, for example, inEuropean Patent Application No. 471 071, to which reference is made forthis purpose.

Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic anhydride derivatives are useful dispersants. In particular,succinimide, succinate esters, or succinate ester amides prepared by thereaction of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid compound preferablyhaving at least 50 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent, with atleast one equivalent of an alkylene amine are particularly useful.

Succinimides are formed by the condensation reaction between hydrocarbylsubstituted succinic anhydrides and amines. Molar ratios can varydepending on the polyamine. For example, the molar ratio of hydrocarbylsubstituted succinic anhydride to TEPA can vary from about 1:1 to about5:1. Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936;3,172,892; 3,219,666; 3,272,746; 3,322,670; and 3,652,616, 3,948,800;and Canada patent No. 1,094,044.

Succinate esters are formed by the condensation reaction betweenhydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alcohols or polyols.Molar ratios can vary depending on the alcohol or polyol used. Forexample, the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl substituted succinicanhydride and pentaerythritol is a useful dispersant.

Succinate ester amides are formed by condensation reaction betweenhydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydrides and alkanol amines. Forexample, suitable alkanol amines include ethoxylatedpolyalkylpolyamines, propoxylated polyalkylpolyamines andpolyalkenylpolyamines such as polyethylene polyamines. One example ispropoxylated hexamethylenediamine. Representative examples are shown inU.S. Pat. No. 4,426,305.

The molecular weight of the hydrocarbyl substituted succinic anhydridesused in the preceding paragraphs will typically range between 800 and2,500 or more. The above products can be post-reacted with variousreagents such as sulfur, oxygen, formaldehyde, carboxylic acids such asoleic acid. The above products can also be post reacted with boroncompounds such as boric acid, borate esters or highly borateddispersants, to form borated dispersants generally having from about 0.1to about 5 moles of boron per mole of dispersant reaction product.

Preferred dispersants include borated and non-borated succinimides,including those derivatives from mono-succinimides, bis-succinimides,and/or mixtures of mono- and bis-succinimides, wherein the hydrocarbylsuccinimide is derived from a hydrocarbylene group such aspolyisobutylene having a Mn of from about 500 to about 5000, or fromabout 1000 to about 3000, or about 1000 to about 2000, or a mixture ofsuch hydrocarbylene groups, often with high terminal vinylic groups.Other preferred dispersants include succinic acid-esters and amides,alkylphenol-polyamine-coupled Mannich adducts, their capped derivatives,and other related components.

Illustrative dispersants useful in this disclosure include those derivedfrom polyalkenyl-substituted mono- or dicarboxylic acid, anhydride orester, which dispersant has a polyalkenyl moiety with a number averagemolecular weight of at least 900 and from greater than 1.3 to 1.7,preferably from greater than 1.3 to 1.6, most preferably from greaterthan 1.3 to 1.5, functional groups (mono- or dicarboxylic acid producingmoieties) per polyalkenyl moiety (a medium functionality dispersant).Functionality (F) can be determined according to the following formula:

F=(SAP×M_(n))/((112,200×A.I.)−(SAP×98))

wherein SAP is the saponification number (i.e., the number of milligramsof KOH consumed in the complete neutralization of the acid groups in onegram of the succinic-containing reaction product, as determinedaccording to ASTM D94); M_(n) is the number average molecular weight ofthe starting olefin polymer; and A.I. is the percent active ingredientof the succinic-containing reaction product (the remainder beingunreacted olefin polymer, succinic anhydride and diluent).

The polyalkenyl moiety of the dispersant may have a number averagemolecular weight of at least 900, suitably at least 1500, preferablybetween 1800 and 3000, such as between 2000 and 2800, more preferablyfrom about 2100 to 2500, and most preferably from about 2200 to about2400. The molecular weight of a dispersant is generally expressed interms of the molecular weight of the polyalkenyl moiety. This is becausethe precise molecular weight range of the dispersant depends on numerousparameters including the type of polymer used to derive the dispersant,the number of functional groups, and the type of nucleophilic groupemployed.

Polymer molecular weight, specifically M_(n), can be determined byvarious known techniques. One convenient method is gel permeationchromatography (GPC), which additionally provides molecular weightdistribution information (see W. W. Yau, J. J. Kirkland and D. D. Bly,“Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography”, John Wiley and Sons, NewYork, 1979). Another useful method for determining molecular weight,particularly for lower molecular weight polymers, is vapor pressureosmometry (e.g., ASTM D3592).

The polyalkenyl moiety in a dispersant preferably has a narrow molecularweight distribution (MWD), also referred to as polydispersity, asdetermined by the ratio of weight average molecular weight (M_(w)) tonumber average molecular weight (M_(n)). Polymers having a M_(w)/M_(n)of less than 2.2, preferably less than 2.0, are most desirable. Suitablepolymers have a polydispersity of from about 1.5 to 2.1, preferably fromabout 1.6 to about 1.8.

Suitable polyalkenes employed in the formation of the dispersantsinclude homopolymers, interpolymers or lower molecular weighthydrocarbons. One family of such polymers comprise polymers of ethyleneand/or at least one C₃ to C₂ alpha-olefin having the formula H₂C═CHR¹wherein R¹ is a straight or branched chain alkyl radical comprising 1 to26 carbon atoms and wherein the polymer contains carbon-to-carbonunsaturation, and a high degree of terminal ethenylidene unsaturation.Preferably, such polymers comprise interpolymers of ethylene and atleast one alpha-olefin of the above formula, wherein R¹ is alkyl of from1 to 18 carbon atoms, and more preferably is alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbonatoms, and more preferably still of from 1 to 2 carbon atoms.

Another useful class of polymers is polymers prepared by cationicpolymerization of monomers such as isobutene and styrene. Commonpolymers from this class include polyisobutenes obtained bypolymerization of a C₄ refinery stream having a butene content of 35 to75% by weight, and an isobutene content of 30 to 60% by weight. Apreferred source of monomer for making poly-n-butenes is petroleumfeedstreams such as Raffinate II. These feedstocks are disclosed in theart such as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,739. A preferred embodiment utilizespolyisobutylene prepared from a pure isobutylene stream or a Raffinate Istream to prepare reactive isobutylene polymers with terminal vinylideneolefins. Polyisobutene polymers that may be employed are generally basedon a polymer chain of from 1500 to 3000.

The dispersant(s) are preferably non-polymeric (e.g., mono- orbis-succinimides). Such dispersants can be prepared by conventionalprocesses such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2008/0020950, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein byreference.

The dispersant(s) can be borated by conventional means, as generallydisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936, 3,254,025 and 5,430,105.

Such dispersants may be used in an amount of about 0.001 to 20 weightpercent or 0.01 to 10 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to 8 weightpercent, or more preferably 0.5 to 4 weight percent. Or such dispersantsmay be used in an amount of about 2 to 12 weight percent, preferablyabout 4 to 10 weight percent, or more preferably 6 to 9 weight percent.On an active ingredient basis, such additives may be used in an amountof about 0.06 to 14 weight percent, preferably about 0.3 to 6 weightpercent. The hydrocarbon portion of the dispersant atoms can range fromC₆₀ to C₁₀₀₀, or from C₇₀ to C₃₀₀, or from C₇₀ to C₂₀₀. Thesedispersants may contain both neutral and basic nitrogen, and mixtures ofboth. Dispersants can be end-capped by borates and/or cyclic carbonates.Nitrogen content in the finished oil can vary from about 200 ppm byweight to about 2000 ppm by weight, preferably from about 200 ppm byweight to about 1200 ppm by weight. Basic nitrogen can vary from about100 ppm by weight to about 1000 ppm by weight, preferably from about 100ppm by weight to about 600 ppm by weight.

As used herein, the dispersant concentrations are given on an “asdelivered” basis. Typically, the active dispersant is delivered with aprocess oil. The “as delivered” dispersant typically contains from about20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, or from about 40 weightpercent to about 60 weight percent, of active dispersant in the “asdelivered” dispersant product.

Detergents

Illustrative detergents useful in this disclosure include, for example,alkaline earth metal salicylates, alkaline earth metal sulfonates, andmixtures thereof.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a detergent additiveuseful in lubricating oil compositions comprising a salicylatedetergent, a sulfonate detergent, a mixture of salicylate detergents, amixture of sulfonate detergents, or a mixture of salicylate andsulfonate detergents, all of varying total base number (TBN). In onepreferred mode, mixtures of low, medium, and high TBN detergents areused.

Within the scope of the present disclosure, a low TBN detergent isdefined as having a TBN of less than about 100. A medium TBN detergentis defined as having a TBN of between about 100 and 200. A high TBNdetergent is defined as having a TBN of greater than about 200.

Low TBN refers to neutral to low-overbased detergents, medium TBN refersto medium overbased-detergents, and high TBN refers to high-overbaseddetergents. These terms are used descriptively to describe the generaldifferences between the TBN of the detergents used and are meant todescribe in general terms the differences between the contained calciumlevels and the presence or absence and/or the degree of overbasingderived by the carbonation of the calcium salicylate in the presence ofexcess (over and beyond stoichiometric quantities) of calcium bases toform overbased calcium carbonate complexed calcium salicylatedetergents.

In an embodiment, mixed TBN detergents of the present disclosure areincorporated into lubricating oil compositions. In one preferred mode,at least two of about 0.2% to about 4% of low TBN detergent, about 0.2%to about 4% of medium TBN detergent, and about 0.2% to about 4% of highTBN detergent (all percentages based on total weight of the lubricatingoil composition and based on an active ingredient basis which excludesoil diluents and the like used in commercial products) are added to thelubricating oil composition. In one embodiment, all three detergents areadded. Preferably the detergent is (i) a salicylate detergent, morepreferably a calcium or magnesium salicylate detergent, (ii) a sulfonatedetergent, more preferably a calcium or magnesium sulfonate detergent,(iii) a mixture of salicylate detergents, more preferably a mixture ofcalcium and/or magnesium salicylate detergents, (iv) a mixture ofsulfonate detergents, more preferably a mixture of calcium and/ormagnesium sulfonate detergents, or (v) a mixture of salicylatedetergents and sulfonate detergents, more preferably a mixture ofcalcium and/or magnesium salicylate detergents and sulfonate detergents.

Salicylate detergents may be prepared by reacting a basic metal compoundwith at least one salicylic acid compound and removing free water fromthe reaction product. Useful salicylates include long chain alkylsalicylates. One useful family of compositions is of the formula

where R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to about 30 carbonatoms, n is an integer from 1 to 4, and M is an alkaline earth metal.Preferred are alkyl chains of at least C11, preferably C13 or greater. Rmay be optionally substituted with substituents that do not interferewith the detergent's function. M is preferably, calcium, magnesium, orbarium. More preferably, M is calcium or magnesium.

Hydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared from phenols bythe Kolbe reaction. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,595,791, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety, for additional information onsynthesis of these compounds. The metal salts of thehydrocarbyl-substituted salicylic acids may be prepared by doubledecomposition of a metal salt in a polar solvent such as water oralcohol.

Sulfonate detergents may be prepared from sulfonic acids that aretypically obtained by sulfonation of alkyl substituted aromatichydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon examples include those obtained by alkylatingbenzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, biphenyl and their halogenatedderivatives (chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, and chloronaphthalene, forexample). The alkylating agents typically have about 3 to 70 carbonatoms. The alkaryl sulfonates typically contain about 9 to about 80 ormore carbon atoms, more typically from about 16 to 60 carbon atoms.

M. W. Ranney in “Lubricant Additives” published by Noyes DataCorporation of Parkridge, N.J. (1973) discloses a number of overbasedmetal salts of various sulfonic acids that are useful as detergents anddispersants in lubricants. The book entitled “Lubricant Additives”, C.V. Smallheer and R. K. Smith, published by the Lezius-Hiles Co. ofCleveland, Ohio (1967), similarly discloses a number of overbasedsulfonates which are useful as detergents.

The detergents useful in this disclosure provide select levels of soapcontent to the lubricating oil compositions, which is discussed in moredetail in the Examples herein. By one approach, the detergent provides alower soap content, e.g., about 0.2 to about 0.9 percent soap content,or about 0.3 to about 0.8 percent soap content, or about 0.4 to about0.7 percent soap content, to the final lubricating oil composition, forany ratio of alkaline earth metal salicylate soap to alkaline earthmetal sulfonate soap.

In other approaches, the detergent provides a higher soap content, e.g.,about 0.6 to about 1.5 percent soap, or about 0.7 to about 1.4 percentsoap, or about 0.8 to about 1.3 percent soap, to the final lubricatingoil composition, when alkaline earth metal sulfonate soap comprises fromabout 50 to about 100 percent of the total detergent soap.

In still other approaches, when the alkaline earth metal sulfonate soapcomprises about 100 percent of the total detergent soap, the totalamount of soap delivered is about 0.1 weight percent to about 1.0 weightpercent, preferably about 0.4 weight percent to about 0.6 weightpercent, more preferably 0.5 weight percent, of the lubricating oil.

Soap content generally refers to the amount of neutral organic acid saltand reflects a detergent's cleansing ability, or detergency, and dirtsuspending ability. The soap content can be determined by the followingformula, using an exemplary calcium sulfonate detergent represented by(RSO₃)_(v)Ca_(w)(CO₃)_(x)(OH)_(y) with v, w, x, and y denoting thenumber of sulfonate groups, the number of calcium atoms, the number ofcarbonate groups, and the number of hydroxyl groups respectively):

${{soap}\mspace{14mu} {content}} = {\frac{{formula}\mspace{14mu} {weight}\mspace{14mu} {{of}\mspace{14mu}\left\lbrack {\left( {RSO}_{3} \right)_{2}{Ca}} \right\rbrack}}{{effective}\mspace{14mu} {formula}\mspace{14mu} {weight}} \times 100}$

Effective formula weight is the combined weight of all the atoms thatmake up the formula (RSO₃)_(v)Ca_(w)(CO₃)_(x)(OH)_(y) plus that of anyother lubricant components. Further discussion on determining soapcontent can be found in Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, Technology,Properties, Performance, and Testing, George Totten, editor, ASTMInternational, 2003, the relevant portions thereof incorporated hereinby reference.

In the lubricating oil composition of this disclosure, when mixtures ofsalicylate detergents are used, of the same or different TBN, the weightratio of a first salicylate detergent to a second salicylate detergentis from about 1:200 to about 200:1, or from about 1:100 to about 100:1,or from about 1:50 to about 50:1, or from about 1:25 to about 25:1, orfrom about 1:10 to about 10:1, or from about 1:5 to about 5:1.

In the lubricating oil composition of this disclosure, when mixtures ofsulfonate detergents are used, of the same or different TBN, the weightratio of a first sulfonate detergent to a second sulfonate detergent isfrom about 1:200 to about 200:1, or from about 1:100 to about 100:1, orfrom about 1:50 to about 50:1, or from about 1:25 to about 25:1, or fromabout 1:10 to about 10:1, or from about 1:5 to about 5:1.

In the lubricating oil composition of this disclosure, when mixtures ofsalicylate detergents and sulfonate detergents are used, of the same ordifferent TBN, the weight ratio of the salicylate detergent to thesulfonate detergent is from about 1:200 to about 200:1, or from about1:100 to about 100:1, or from about 1:50 to about 50:1, or from about1:25 to about 25:1, or from about 1:10 to about 10:1, or from about 1:5to about 5:1.

The detergent concentration in the lubricating oils of this disclosurecan range from about 0.001 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, orabout 0.01 weight percent to about 10 weight percent, or about 0.5 toabout 6.0 weight percent, or about 0.6 to 5.0 weight percent, or fromabout 0.8 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, based on the totalweight of the lubricating oil.

As used herein, the detergent concentrations are given on an “asdelivered” basis. Typically, the active detergent is delivered with aprocess oil. The “as delivered” detergent typically contains from about20 weight percent to about 100 weight percent, or from about 40 weightpercent to about 60 weight percent, of active detergent in the “asdelivered” detergent product.

Other Additives

The formulated lubricating oil useful in the present disclosure mayadditionally contain one or more of the other commonly used lubricatingoil performance additives including but not limited to antiwearadditives, dispersants, other detergents, viscosity modifiers, corrosioninhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressureadditives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity modifiers,fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, lubricity agents,anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers,densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants,and others. For a review of many commonly used additives, see Klamann inLubricants and Related Products, Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Fla.;ISBN 0-89573-177-0. Reference is also made to “Lubricant Additives” byM. W. Ranney, published by Noyes Data Corporation of Parkridge, N J(1973); see also U.S. Pat. No. 7,704,930, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein in its entirety. These additives are commonlydelivered with varying amounts of diluent oil, that may range from 5weight percent to 50 weight percent.

The additives useful in this disclosure do not have to be soluble in thelubricating oils. Insoluble additives in oil can be dispersed in thelubricating oils of this disclosure.

The types and quantities of performance additives used in combinationwith the instant disclosure in lubricant compositions are not limited bythe examples shown herein as illustrations.

Antiwear Additives

A metal alkylthiophosphate and more particularly a metal dialkyl dithiophosphate in which the metal constituent is zinc, or zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) can be a useful component of the lubricating oils ofthis disclosure. ZDDP can be derived from primary alcohols, secondaryalcohols or mixtures thereof. ZDDP compounds generally are of theformula

Zn[SP(S)(OR¹)(OR²)]₂

where R¹ and R² are C₁-C₁₈ alkyl groups, preferably C₂-C₁₂ alkyl groups.These alkyl groups may be straight chain or branched. Alcohols used inthe ZDDP can be propanol, 2-propanol, butanol, secondary butanol,pentanols, hexanols such as 4-methyl-2-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-octanol,2-ethyl hexanol, alkylated phenols, and the like. Mixtures of secondaryalcohols or of primary and secondary alcohol can be preferred. Alkylaryl groups may also be used.

Preferable zinc dithiophosphates which are commercially availableinclude secondary zinc dithiophosphates such as those available from forexample, The Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designations “LZ677A”, “LZ 1095” and “LZ 1371”, from for example Chevron Oronite underthe trade designation “OLOA 262” and from for example Afton Chemicalunder the trade designation “HITEC 7169”.

The ZDDP is typically used in amounts of from about 0.3 weight percentto about 1.5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.4 weight percent toabout 1.2 weight percent, more preferably from about 0.5 weight percentto about 1.0 weight percent, and even more preferably from about 0.6weight percent to about 0.8 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe lubricating oil, although more or less can often be usedadvantageously. Preferably, the ZDDP is a secondary ZDDP and present inan amount of from about 0.6 to 1.0 weight percent of the total weight ofthe lubricating oil.

Other Dispersants

Other suitable dispersants typically contain a polar group attached to arelatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. The polar grouptypically contains at least one element of nitrogen, oxygen, orphosphorus. Typical hydrocarbon chains contain 50 to 400 carbon atoms.

Mannich base dispersants are made from the reaction of alkylphenols,formaldehyde, and amines. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,767,551, which isincorporated herein by reference. Process aids and catalysts, such asoleic acid and sulfonic acids, can also be part of the reaction mixture.Molecular weights of the alkylphenols range from 800 to 2,500.Representative examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,697,574;3,703,536; 3,704,308; 3,751,365; 3,756,953; 3,798,165; and 3,803,039.

Typical high molecular weight aliphatic acid modified Mannichcondensation products useful in this disclosure can be prepared fromhigh molecular weight alkyl-substituted hydroxyaromatics or HNR₂group-containing reactants.

Hydrocarbyl substituted amine ashless dispersant additives are wellknown to one skilled in the art; see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.3,275,554; 3,438,757; 3,565,804; 3,755,433, 3,822,209, and 5,084,197.

Polymethacrylate or polyacrylate derivatives are another class ofdispersants. These dispersants are typically prepared by reacting anitrogen containing monomer and a methacrylic or acrylic acid esterscontaining 5-25 carbon atoms in the ester group. Representative examplesare shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,100,993, and 6,323,164. Polymethacrylateand polyacrylate dispersants are normally used as multifunctionalviscosity modifiers. The lower molecular weight versions can be used aslubricant dispersants or fuel detergents.

The dispersant(s) can be borated by conventional means, as generallydisclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,087,936, 3,254,025 and 5,430,105.

Such dispersants may be used in an amount of about 0.001 to 20 weightpercent or 0.01 to 10 weight percent, preferably about 0.5 to 8 weightpercent, or more preferably 0.5 to 4 weight percent. Or such dispersantsmay be used in an amount of about 2 to 12 weight percent, preferablyabout 4 to 10 weight percent, or more preferably 6 to 9 weight percent.On an active ingredient basis, such additives may be used in an amountof about 0.06 to 14 weight percent, preferably about 0.3 to 6 weightpercent.

As used herein, the dispersant concentrations are given on an “asdelivered” basis. Typically, the active dispersant is delivered with aprocess oil. The “as delivered” dispersant typically contains from about20 weight percent to about 80 weight percent, or from about 40 weightpercent to about 60 weight percent, of active dispersant in the “asdelivered” dispersant product.

Other Detergents

Illustrative other detergents useful in this disclosure include, forexample, alkali metal detergents, alkaline earth metal detergents, ormixtures of one or more alkali metal detergents and one or more alkalineearth metal detergents. A typical detergent is an anionic material thatcontains a long chain hydrophobic portion of the molecule and a smalleranionic or oleophobic hydrophilic portion of the molecule. The anionicportion of the detergent is typically derived from an organic acid suchas a sulfur-containing acid, carboxylic acid (e.g., salicylic acid),phosphorus-containing acid, phenol, or mixtures thereof. The counterionis typically an alkaline earth or alkali metal. The detergent can beoverbased.

The detergent can be a metal salt of an organic or inorganic acid, ametal salt of a phenol, or mixtures thereof. The metal can be an alkalimetal, an alkaline earth metal, and mixtures thereof. The organic orinorganic acid is selected from an aliphatic organic or inorganic acid,a cycloaliphatic organic or inorganic acid, an aromatic organic orinorganic acid, and mixtures thereof.

The metal can be an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and mixturesthereof. Particularly, the metal can be calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg),and mixtures thereof.

The organic acid or inorganic acid can be a sulfur-containing acid, acarboxylic acid, a phosphorus-containing acid, and mixtures thereof.

In an embodiment, the metal salt of an organic or inorganic acid or themetal salt of a phenol can be calcium phenate, magnesium phenate, anoverbased detergent, and mixtures thereof.

Salts that contain a substantially stochiometric amount of the metal aredescribed as neutral salts and have a total base number (TBN, asmeasured by ASTM D2896) of from 0 to 80. Many compositions areoverbased, containing large amounts of a metal base that is achieved byreacting an excess of a metal compound (a metal hydroxide or oxide, forexample) with an acidic gas (such as carbon dioxide). Useful detergentscan be neutral, mildly overbased, or highly overbased. These detergentscan be used in mixtures of neutral, overbased, highly overbased calciumphenates and/or magnesium phenates. The TBN ranges can vary from low,medium to high TBN products, including as low as 0 to as high as 600.The TBN delivered by the detergent is between 1 and 20. The TBNdelivered by the detergent can be between 1 and 12. Mixtures of low,medium, high TBN can be used, along with mixtures of calcium andmagnesium metal based detergents, and including phenates andcarboxylates. A detergent mixture with a metal ratio of 1, inconjunction of a detergent with a metal ratio of 2, and as high as adetergent with a metal ratio of 5, can be used. Borated detergents canalso be used.

Alkaline earth phenates are another useful class of detergent. Thesedetergents can be made by reacting alkaline earth metal hydroxide oroxide (CaO, Ca(OH)₂, BaO, Ba(OH)₂, MgO, Mg(OH)₂, for example) with analkyl phenol or sulfurized alkylphenol. Useful alkyl groups includestraight chain or branched C₁-C₃₀ alkyl groups, particularly, C₄-C₂₀ ormixtures thereof. Examples of suitable phenols include isobutylphenol,2-ethylhexylphenol, nonylphenol, dodecyl phenol, and the like. It shouldbe noted that starting alkylphenols may contain more than one alkylsubstituent that are each independently straight chain or branched andcan be used from 0.5 to 6 weight percent. When a non-sulfurizedalkylphenol is used, the sulfurized product may be obtained by methodswell known in the art. These methods include heating a mixture ofalkylphenol and sulfurizing agent (including elemental sulfur, sulfurhalides such as sulfur dichloride, and the like) and then reacting thesulfurized phenol with an alkaline earth metal base.

Alkaline earth metal phosphates are also used as detergents and areknown in the art.

Detergents may be simple detergents or what is known as hybrid orcomplex detergents. The latter detergents can provide the properties oftwo detergents without the need to blend separate materials. See U.S.Pat. No. 6,034,039.

Illustrative detergents include calcium phenates, magnesium phenates,and other related components (including borated detergents), andmixtures thereof. Illustrative mixtures of detergents include calciumphenate and magnesium phenate. Overbased detergents are also used.

The detergent concentration in the lubricating oils of this disclosurecan range from about 0.5 to about 6.0 weight percent, preferably about0.6 to 5.0 weight percent, and more preferably from about 0.8 weightpercent to about 4.0 weight percent, based on the total weight of thelubricating oil.

As used herein, the detergent concentrations are given on an “asdelivered” basis. Typically, the active detergent is delivered with aprocess oil. The “as delivered” detergent typically contains from about20 weight percent to about 100 weight percent, or from about 40 weightpercent to about 60 weight percent, of active detergent in the “asdelivered” detergent product.

Viscosity Modifiers

Viscosity modifiers (also known as viscosity index improvers (VIimprovers), and viscosity improvers) can be included in the lubricantcompositions of this disclosure.

Viscosity modifiers provide lubricants with high and low temperatureoperability. These additives impart shear stability at elevatedtemperatures and acceptable viscosity at low temperatures.

Suitable viscosity modifiers include high molecular weight hydrocarbons,polyesters and viscosity modifier dispersants that function as both aviscosity modifier and a dispersant. Typical molecular weights of thesepolymers are between about 10,000 to 1,500,000, more typically about20,000 to 1,200,000, and even more typically between about 50,000 and1,000,000.

Examples of suitable viscosity modifiers are linear or star-shapedpolymers and copolymers of methacrylate, butadiene, olefins, oralkylated styrenes. Polyisobutylene is a commonly used viscositymodifier. Another suitable viscosity modifier is polymethacrylate(copolymers of various chain length alkyl methacrylates, for example),some formulations of which also serve as pour point depressants. Othersuitable viscosity modifiers include copolymers of ethylene andpropylene, hydrogenated block copolymers of styrene and isoprene, andpolyacrylates (copolymers of various chain length acrylates, forexample). Specific examples include styrene-isoprene orstyrene-butadiene based polymers of 50,000 to 200,000 molecular weight.

Olefin copolymers are commercially available from Chevron OroniteCompany LLC under the trade designation “PARATONE®” (such as “PARATONE®8921” and “PARATONE® 8941”); from Afton Chemical Corporation under thetrade designation “HiTEC®” (such as “HiTEC® 5850B”; and from TheLubrizol Corporation under the trade designation “Lubrizol® 7067C”.Hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers are commercially available fromInfineum International Limited, e.g., under the trade designation“SV200” and “SV600”. Hydrogenated diene-styrene block copolymers arecommercially available from Infineum International Limited, e.g., underthe trade designation “SV 50”.

The polymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers can be linear polymerswhich are available from Evnoik Industries under the trade designation“Viscoplex®” (e.g., Viscoplex 6-954) or star polymers which areavailable from Lubrizol Corporation under the trade designation Asteric™(e.g., Lubrizol 87708 and Lubrizol 87725).

Illustrative vinyl aromatic-containing polymers useful in thisdisclosure may be derived predominantly from vinyl aromatic hydrocarbonmonomer. Illustrative vinyl aromatic-containing copolymers useful inthis disclosure may be represented by the following general formula:

A-B

wherein A is a polymeric block derived predominantly from vinyl aromatichydrocarbon monomer, and B is a polymeric block derived predominantlyfrom conjugated diene monomer.

In an embodiment of this disclosure, the viscosity modifiers may be usedin an amount of less than about 10 weight percent, preferably less thanabout 7 weight percent, more preferably less than about 4 weightpercent, and in certain instances, may be used at less than 2 weightpercent, preferably less than about 1 weight percent, and morepreferably less than about 0.5 weight percent, based on the total weightof the formulated oil or lubricating engine oil. Viscosity modifiers aretypically added as concentrates, in large amounts of diluent oil.

As used herein, the viscosity modifier concentrations are given on an“as delivered” basis. Typically, the active polymer is delivered with adiluent oil. The “as delivered” viscosity modifier typically containsfrom 20 weight percent to 75 weight percent of an active polymer forpolymethacrylate or polyacrylate polymers, or from 8 weight percent to20 weight percent of an active polymer for olefin copolymers,hydrogenated polyisoprene star polymers, or hydrogenated diene-styreneblock copolymers, in the “as delivered” polymer concentrate.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants retard the oxidative degradation of base oils duringservice. Such degradation may result in deposits on metal surfaces, thepresence of sludge, or a viscosity increase in the lubricant. Oneskilled in the art knows a wide variety of oxidation inhibitors that areuseful in lubricating oil compositions. See, Klamann in Lubricants andRelated Products, op cite, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,684 and 5,084,197,for example.

Useful antioxidants include hindered phenols. These phenolicantioxidants may be ashless (metal-free) phenolic compounds or neutralor basic metal salts of certain phenolic compounds. Typical phenolicantioxidant compounds are the hindered phenolics which are the oneswhich contain a sterically hindered hydroxyl group, and these includethose derivatives of dihydroxy aryl compounds in which the hydroxylgroups are in the o- or p-position to each other. Typical phenolicantioxidants include the hindered phenols substituted with C₆+ alkylgroups and the alkylene coupled derivatives of these hindered phenols.Examples of phenolic materials of this type 2-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol;2-t-butyl-4-octyl phenol; 2-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol;2,6-di-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-dodecyl phenol;2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-heptyl phenol; and 2-methyl-6-t-butyl-4-dodecylphenol. Other useful hindered mono-phenolic antioxidants may include forexample hindered 2,6-di-alkyl-phenolic proprionic ester derivatives.Bis-phenolic antioxidants may also be advantageously used in combinationwith the instant disclosure. Examples of ortho-coupled phenols include:2,2′-bis(4-heptyl-6-t-butyl-phenol); 2,2′-bis(4-octyl-6-t-butyl-phenol);and 2,2′-bis(4-dodecyl-6-t-butyl-phenol). Para-coupled bisphenolsinclude for example 4,4′-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and4,4′-methylene-bis(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol).

Effective amounts of one or more catalytic antioxidants may also beused. The catalytic antioxidants comprise an effective amount of a) oneor more oil soluble polymetal organic compounds; and, effective amountsof b) one or more substituted N,N′-diaryl-o-phenylenediamine compoundsor c) one or more hindered phenol compounds; or a combination of both b)and c). Catalytic antioxidants are more fully described in U.S. Pat. No.8,048,833, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Non-phenolic oxidation inhibitors which may be used include aromaticamine antioxidants and these may be used either as such or incombination with phenolics. Typical examples of non-phenolicantioxidants include: alkylated and non-alkylated aromatic amines suchas aromatic monoamines of the formula R⁸R⁹R¹⁰N where R⁸ is an aliphatic,aromatic or substituted aromatic group, R⁹ is an aromatic or asubstituted aromatic group, and R¹⁰ is H, alkyl, aryl or R¹¹S(O)_(x)R¹²where R¹¹ is an alkylene, alkenylene, or aralkylene group, R¹² is ahigher alkyl group, or an alkenyl, aryl, or alkaryl group, and x is 0, 1or 2. The aliphatic group R⁸ may contain from 1 to about 20 carbonatoms, and preferably contains from about 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Thealiphatic group is a saturated aliphatic group. Preferably, both R⁸ andR⁹ are aromatic or substituted aromatic groups, and the aromatic groupmay be a fused ring aromatic group such as naphthyl. Aromatic groups R⁸and R⁹ may be joined together with other groups such as S.

Typical aromatic amines antioxidants have alkyl substituent groups of atleast about 6 carbon atoms. Examples of aliphatic groups include hexyl,heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl. Generally, the aliphatic groups willnot contain more than about 14 carbon atoms. The general types of amineantioxidants useful in the present compositions include diphenylamines,phenyl naphthylamines, phenothiazines, imidodibenzyls and diphenylphenylene diamines. Mixtures of two or more aromatic amines are alsouseful. Polymeric amine antioxidants can also be used. Particularexamples of aromatic amine antioxidants useful in the present disclosureinclude: p,p′-dioctyldiphenylamine; t-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine;phenyl-alphanaphthylamine; and p-octylphenyl-alpha-naphthylamine.

Sulfurized alkyl phenols and alkali or alkaline earth metal saltsthereof also are useful antioxidants.

Preferred antioxidants include hindered phenols, arylamines. Theseantioxidants may be used individually by type or in combination with oneanother. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5weight percent, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent, morepreferably zero to less than 1.5 weight percent, more preferably zero toless than 1 weight percent.

Pour Point Depressants (PPDs)

Conventional pour point depressants (also known as lube oil flowimprovers) may be added to the compositions of the present disclosure ifdesired. These pour point depressant may be added to lubricatingcompositions of the present disclosure to lower the minimum temperatureat which the fluid will flow or can be poured. Examples of suitable pourpoint depressants include polymethacrylates, polyacrylates,polyarylamides, condensation products of haloparaffin waxes and aromaticcompounds, vinyl carboxylate polymers, and terpolymers ofdialkylfumarates, vinyl esters of fatty acids and allyl vinyl ethers.U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,815,022; 2,015,748; 2,191,498; 2,387,501; 2,655, 479;2,666,746; 2,721,877; 2,721,878; and 3,250,715 describe useful pourpoint depressants and/or the preparation thereof. Such additives may beused in an amount of about 0.01 to 5 weight percent, preferably about0.01 to 1.5 weight percent.

Seal Compatibility Agents

Seal compatibility agents help to swell elastomeric seals by causing achemical reaction in the fluid or physical change in the elastomer.Suitable seal compatibility agents for lubricating oils include organicphosphates, aromatic esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, esters (butylbenzylphthalate, for example), and polybutenyl succinic anhydride. Suchadditives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 3 weight percent,preferably about 0.01 to 2 weight percent.

Antifoam Agents

Anti-foam agents may advantageously be added to lubricant compositions.These agents retard the formation of stable foams. Silicones and organicpolymers are typical anti-foam agents. For example, polysiloxanes, suchas silicon oil or polydimethyl siloxane, provide antifoam properties.Anti-foam agents are commercially available and may be used inconventional minor amounts along with other additives such asdemulsifiers; usually the amount of these additives combined is lessthan 1 weight percent and often less than 0.1 weight percent.

Inhibitors and Antirust Additives

Antirust additives (or corrosion inhibitors) are additives that protectlubricated metal surfaces against chemical attack by water or othercontaminants. A wide variety of these are commercially available.

One type of antirust additive is a polar compound that wets the metalsurface preferentially, protecting it with a film of oil. Another typeof antirust additive absorbs water by incorporating it in a water-in-oilemulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface. Yet anothertype of antirust additive chemically adheres to the metal to produce anon-reactive surface. Examples of suitable additives include zincdithiophosphates, metal phenolates, basic metal sulfonates, fatty acidsand amines. Such additives may be used in an amount of about 0.01 to 5weight percent, preferably about 0.01 to 1.5 weight percent.

Friction Modifiers

A friction modifier is any material or materials that can alter thecoefficient of friction of a surface lubricated by any lubricant orfluid containing such material(s). Friction modifiers, also known asfriction reducers, or lubricity agents or oiliness agents, and othersuch agents that change the ability of base oils, formulated lubricantcompositions, or functional fluids, to modify the coefficient offriction of a lubricated surface may be effectively used in combinationwith the base oils or lubricant compositions of the present disclosureif desired. Friction modifiers that lower the coefficient of frictionare particularly advantageous in combination with the base oils and lubecompositions of this disclosure.

Illustrative friction modifiers may include, for example, organometalliccompounds or materials, or mixtures thereof. Illustrative organometallicfriction modifiers useful in the lubricating engine oil formulations ofthis disclosure include, for example, molybdenum amine, molybdenumdiamine, an organotungstenate, a molybdenum dithiocarbamate, molybdenumdithiophosphates, molybdenum amine complexes, molybdenum carboxylates,and the like, and mixtures thereof. Similar tungsten based compounds maybe preferable.

Other illustrative friction modifiers useful in the lubricating engineoil formulations of this disclosure include, for example, alkoxylatedfatty acid esters, alkanolamides, polyol fatty acid esters, boratedglycerol fatty acid esters, fatty alcohol ethers, and mixtures thereof.

Illustrative alkoxylated fatty acid esters include, for example,polyoxyethylene stearate, fatty acid polyglycol ester, and the like.These can include polyoxypropylene stearate, polyoxybutylene stearate,polyoxyethylene isosterate, polyoxypropylene isostearate,polyoxyethylene palmitate, and the like.

Illustrative alkanolamides include, for example, lauric aciddiethylalkanolamide, palmic acid diethylalkanolamide, and the like.These can include oleic acid diethyalkanolamide, stearic aciddiethylalkanolamide, oleic acid diethylalkanolamide, polyethoxylatedhydrocarbylamides, polypropoxylated hydrocarbylamides, and the like.

Illustrative polyol fatty acid esters include, for example, glycerolmono-oleate, saturated mono-, di-, and tri-glyceride esters, glycerolmono-stearate, and the like. These can include polyol esters,hydroxyl-containing polyol esters, and the like.

Illustrative borated glycerol fatty acid esters include, for example,borated glycerol mono-oleate, borated saturated mono-, di-, andtri-glyceride esters, borated glycerol mono-sterate, and the like. Inaddition to glycerol polyols, these can include trimethylolpropane,pentaerythritol, sorbitan, and the like. These esters can be polyolmonocarboxylate esters, polyol dicarboxylate esters, and on occasionpolyoltricarboxylate esters. Preferred can be the glycerol mono-oleates,glycerol dioleates, glycerol trioleates, glycerol monostearates,glycerol distearates, and glycerol tristearates and the correspondingglycerol monopalmitates, glycerol dipalmitates, and glyceroltripalmitates, and the respective isostearates, linoleates, and thelike. On occasion the glycerol esters can be preferred as well asmixtures containing any of these. Ethoxylated, propoxylated, butoxylatedfatty acid esters of polyols, especially using glycerol as underlyingpolyol can be preferred.

Illustrative fatty alcohol ethers include, for example, stearyl ether,myristyl ether, and the like. Alcohols, including those that have carbonnumbers from C₃ to C₅₀, can be ethoxylated, propoxylated, or butoxylatedto form the corresponding fatty alkyl ethers. The underlying alcoholportion can preferably be stearyl, myristyl, C₁₁-C₁₃ hydrocarbon, oleyl,isosteryl, and the like.

The lubricating oils of this disclosure exhibit desired properties,e.g., wear control, in the presence or absence of a friction modifier.

Useful concentrations of friction modifiers may range from 0.01 weightpercent to 5 weight percent, or about 0.1 weight percent to about 2.5weight percent, or about 0.1 weight percent to about 1.5 weight percent,or about 0.1 weight percent to about 1 weight percent. Concentrations ofmolybdenum-containing materials are often described in terms of Mo metalconcentration. Advantageous concentrations of Mo may range from 25 ppmto 700 ppm or more, and often with a preferred range of 50-200 ppm.Friction modifiers of all types may be used alone or in mixtures withthe materials of this disclosure. Often mixtures of two or more frictionmodifiers, or mixtures of friction modifier(s) with alternate surfaceactive material(s), are also desirable.

When lubricating oil compositions contain one or more of the additivesdiscussed above, the additive(s) are blended into the composition in anamount sufficient for it to perform its intended function. Typicalamounts of such additives useful in the present disclosure are shown inTable 1 below.

It is noted that many of the additives are shipped from the additivemanufacturer as a concentrate, containing one or more additivestogether, with a certain amount of base oil diluents. Accordingly, theweight amounts in the table below, as well as other amounts mentionedherein, are directed to the amount of active ingredient (that is thenon-diluent portion of the ingredient). The weight percent (wt. %)indicated below is based on the total weight of the lubricating oilcomposition.

TABLE 1 Typical Amounts of Other Lubricating Oil Components ApproximateApproximate Wt. % Wt. % Compound (Useful) (Preferred) Dispersant  0.1-200.1-8 Detergent  0.1-20 0.1-8 Friction Modifier 0.01-5   0.01-1.5Antioxidant 0.1-8 0.1-3 Pour Point Depressant 0.0-5  0.01-1.5 (PPD)Anti-foam Agent 0.001-3  0.001-0.2  Viscosity Modifier (solid 0.1-20.1-1 polymer basis) Antiwear 0.2-3 0.5-1 Inhibitor and Antirust 0.01-5  0.01-1.5

The foregoing additives are all commercially available materials. Theseadditives may be added independently but are usually precombined inpackages which can be obtained from suppliers of lubricant oiladditives. Additive packages with a variety of ingredients, proportionsand characteristics are available and selection of the appropriatepackage will take the requisite use of the ultimate composition intoaccount.

The following non-limiting examples are provided to illustrate thedisclosure.

EXAMPLES

Formulations were prepared as described herein. All of the ingredientsused herein are commercially available. PCMO (passenger car motor oil)formulations were prepared as described herein.

The lubricating oil base stocks used in the formulations were GroupIII-V base oils.

The dispersants used in the formulations were borated or non-borated(poly)alkenylsuccinic derivatives (i.e., polyisobutylene succinimide(PIBSA)), succinimides, and mixtures thereof.

The detergents used in the formulations were alkaline earth metalsalicylates, alkaline earth metal sulfonates, and mixtures thereof.

The additive package used in the formulations included conventionaladditives in conventional amounts. Conventional additives used in theformulations were one or more of an antioxidant, pour point depressant,corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibility additive,anti-foam agent, inhibitor, anti-rust additive, optional frictionmodifier, optional antiwear additive, and other optional lubricantperformances additives.

The tests used in the Examples included both engine tests and benchtests. The engine tests included the following: a piston cleanlinesstest using a Volkswagen TDI2 test engine, in accordance with CECL78-T-99 test procedure; a wear test for measuring elongation of timingchain due to wear of chain link pins, as determined by Ford Chain Wear(FCW) test conducted as described herein; and a wear test for measuringintake lifter wear (mm³) by a Sequence IVB engine test as describedherein. The bench tests included the following: a deposit test formeasuring deposits by thermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST 33C)measured by ASTM D6335; and a deposit test for measuring deposits bythermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTMD7097.

For purposes of this disclosure, the FCW test is a fired enginedynamometer test which uses a 2.0 L Ford Ecotec spark ignition, fourstroke, in-line 4-cylinder gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI)engine as the test apparatus. The engine uses a dual overhead cam, fourvalves per cylinder (2 intake; 2 exhaust), and direct acting mechanicalbucket lifter valve train design. The engine uses a timing chain, andtiming chain elongation is reported as the pass/fail parameter. A newtiming chain is first measured after a short break-in cycle in the testlubricant. The test sequence is performed, and a final timing chainmeasurement is taken and compared against the initial measurement tocalculate timing chain elongation. The test sequence is comprised ofrepeated test cycles. A test cycle is comprised of two stages and tworamping periods as shown, totaling four hours of test time. The testcycle is repeated 54 times for a total test length of 216 hours. Engineoperating conditions for the two stages that make up a test cycle aredescribed below.

Stage Time (min) Stage 1 120 Ramp 1-2 30 Stage 2 60 Ramp 2-1 30

Parameter Units Stage 1 Stage 2 Duration min 120 60 Engine Speed rpm1550 ± 5  2500 ± 5  Torque NtM 50 ± 2 128 ± 2  Oil Gallery Temperature °C.   50 ± 0.5  100 ± 0.5 Coolant Out Temperature ° C.   45 ± 0.5   85 ±0.5 Coolant Flow L/min 40 ± 2 70 ± 2 Inlet Air Pressure kPa  0.05 ± 0.02Coolant Pressure kPa 70 ± 2 Inlet Air Temperature ° C.   32 ± 0.5Exhaust Back Pressure kPa 104 ± 2  107 ± 2  Air Charge Temperature ° C.  30 ± 0.5 AFR Lambda  0.78 ± 0.05    1 ± 0.05 Blowby Outlet Temperature° C. 23 ± 2 78 ± 2 Humidity g/kg 11.4 ± 1.0 Blowby L/min n/a 65-75

In the FCW test, elongation of the timing chain due to wear of chainlink pins is the rated parameter. While no limits have been formally setfor the FCW test at the current stage of development, for purposes ofthis disclosure, low wear samples exhibit less than 0.07% chainelongation, which is a conservative estimate of the expected testlimits.

For purposes of this disclosure, the Sequence IVB engine valve trainwear test is a fired engine dynamometer lubricant test which evaluatesthe ability of a test lubricant to reduce valve train wear. The testmethod is a low temperature cyclic test, with a total running durationof 200 hours.

The Sequence IVB uses a Toyota 2NR-FE water cooled, 4 cycle, in-linecylinder, 1.5 liter engine as the test apparatus. The engineincorporates a dual overhead cam, four valves per cylinder (2 intake; 2exhaust), and direct acting mechanical bucket lifter valve train design.The critical test parts (camshafts, direct acting mechanical bucketlifters) are replaced each test. A 95 minute run-in schedule, followedby a 100 hour aging schedule, for silicon (Si) pacification, isconducted whenever the long block or cylinder head are replaced with newcomponents.

The Sequence IVB valve train wear test is a flush and run type oflubricant test with one 6 minute engine oil system flush and three 38minute engine oil system flushes conducted prior to the actual teststart. The test sequence is repeated for 24,000 test cycles. Each cycleconsists of four stages as outlined below.

Ramp to Ramp to Parameter Units Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 2 Durationsec 8 7 8 7 Engine Speed r/min 4300 to 800  800  800 to 4300 4300 EngineTorque N · m 25 25 25 25 Oil Gallery Temperature ° C. 55 to 53 53 53 to55 55 Coolant In Temperature ° C. 49 49 49 49 Intake Air Temperature °C. 32 32 32 32 Intake Air Pressure kPa 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 Intake AirHumidity g/kg 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5 Exhaust Back Pressure kPa-abs 104.5 to103.5 103.5 103.5 to 104.5 104.5 Differential Coolant Temperature ° C. 5to 2 2 2 to 5 5 Rocker Cover Coolant Outlet Temperature ° C. 20 20 20 20

Both the FCW test and the Sequence IVB test are part of the draft ILSACGF-6 specification, in particular, the draft ILSAC GF-6A Recommendationsfor Passenger Car Engine Oils dated May 11, 2017, and the draft ILSACGF-6B Recommendations for Passenger Car Engine Oils dated May 11, 2016,all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

A soap titration study was conducted in a reference formulation todemonstrate the impact of detergent soap on engine cleanliness.Detergent soap was decreased systematically while keeping all othercomponents constant in the lubrication composition. This decrease indetergent soap content generally trends with poorer piston cleanlinessperformance as seen in FIG. 1. However, when specific detergent systemsof even lower soap content are used in combination with specificdispersants, unexpectedly strong piston cleanliness results can beachieved while significantly improving wear control as seen in FIG. 2.

In particular, combinations of high TBN detergents with low TBNdetergents at low total soap levels of less than 0.60 weight percent ofthe lubricating oil, provide improved wear performance while maintainingstrong piston cleanliness. In addition, combining the aforementioned lowsoap detergent system with (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative dispersants(e.g., polyisobutylene succinimide (PIBSA)) with active basic nitrogencontent of 1% or greater and a maximum of 500 ppm B, provides improvedcleanliness while concurrently improving wear control. At boron levelsgreater than 500 ppm, cleanliness is negatively impacted. Finally,addition of a (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative material to the low soapdetergent system and dispersant system allows for excellent cleanlinessand wear control performance.

The dispersants used in the formulations werepolyisobutylsuccinimide/polyamine (PIBSA/PAM) dispersant having atypical N content of 1.43% (Dispersant 1); PIBSA/PAM (PIB 1300 Mn)borated dispersant having a typical TBN of 30 mgKOH/g, a typical Ncontent of 1.57%, and a typical B content of 0.77% (Dispersant 2); andPIBSA/PAM borated dispersant having a typical N content of 1.19%, and atypical B content of 2.3% (Dispersant 3).

As seen in FIG. 2, candidate oils containing specific detergentcombinations of half or less soap content versus internal referenceexhibit strong VW TDi2 piston cleanliness results. In addition, theselow soap candidate oils also exhibit significantly improved chain wearand valve train wear performance as seen in FCW and Sequence IVBtesting. In particular, candidate oils 1, 2 and 7 contain low soapmixtures of calcium and magnesium sulfonate and show significantimprovement in wear performance while maintaining strong pistoncleanliness. Candidate oil 3 contains a low soap mixture of calciumsalicylates and magnesium sulfonate and show significant improvement inwear performance, although the wear improvement is not to the sameextent as candidates 1 and 2. Candidate oil 4 contains a low soapmixture of calcium salicylate, calcium sulfonate and magnesium sulfonateand also shows significant improvement in wear performance whilemaintaining strong cleanliness performance. Candidate oil 6 contains alow soap mixture of calcium and magnesium sulfonates and shows strongcleanliness performance. Candidate oil 7 contains a low soap mixture ofcalcium and magnesium sulfonates and 500 ppm B, and also showssignificant improvement in wear performance while maintaining strongcleanliness performance.

Despite exhibiting strong wear performance, formulations containing highconcentrations of boron (˜800 ppm) negatively impact cleanliness as seenwith TEOST 33C data for Candidate oil 5. Formulations containingcombinations of low soap detergents (0.60 or less) with slightly lowerboron levels (500 ppm) provide strong cleanliness as seen with TEOST 33Cdata for Candidate oil 7. Finally, combination of low soap detergents(0.60 or less) with modest boron levels (300 ppm) and a PIB-basedcomponent provides the strongest cleanliness performance (TDi2 pistonmerit of at least 69) and lowest wear performance (chain stretch of0.06% or less) as seen by Candidate oils 2 and 4.

PCT and EP Clauses:

1. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast one detergent, as a minor component; wherein the at least onedetergent comprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkalineearth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the same ordifferent total base number (TBN); wherein the total amount of soapdelivered by the at least one detergent is less than 0.60 weight percentof the lubricating oil; and wherein wear control is improved and depositcontrol and cleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wearcontrol, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricatingoil containing a minor component other than the at least one detergent.

2. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast two detergents, as minor components; wherein the at least twodetergents comprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkalineearth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof; wherein at least one of thedetergents has a total base number (TBN) greater than 150, and at leastone of the detergents has a TBN less than 150; wherein the total amountof soap delivered by the at least two detergents is less than 0.60weight percent of the lubricating oil; and wherein wear control isimproved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improvedas compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achievedusing a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the atleast two detergents.

3. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast one detergent and at least one dispersant, as minor components;wherein the at least one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, allhaving the same or different total base number (TBN); wherein the totalamount of soap delivered by the at least one detergent is less than 0.60weight percent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at least onedispersant comprises a borated or non-borated (poly)alkenylsuccinicderivative, or mixtures thereof; wherein the at least one dispersant hasa basic nitrogen content of 1% or greater; and wherein wear control isimproved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improvedas compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achievedusing a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the atleast one detergent and the at least one dispersant.

4. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast two detergents and at least one dispersant, as minor components;wherein the at least two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof;wherein at least one of the detergents has a total base number (TBN)greater than 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than150; wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the at least twodetergents is less than 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil;wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a borated or non-borated(poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, or mixtures thereof; wherein the atleast one dispersant has a basic nitrogen content of 1% or greater; andwherein wear control is improved and deposit control and cleanliness aremaintained or improved as compared to wear control, deposit control andcleanliness achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least two detergents and the at least onedispersant.

5. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast one detergent and at least two dispersants, as minor components;wherein the at least one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, allhaving the same or different total base number (TBN); wherein the totalamount of soap delivered by the at least one detergent is less than 0.60weight percent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at least twodispersants comprise at least one borated dispersant and at least onenon-borated dispersant; wherein the at least one borated dispersantcomprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one borated dispersant is present in anamount sufficient to provide a total boron concentration of 500 partsper million or less in the lubricating oil; wherein the at least onenon-borated dispersant comprises a (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, ormixtures thereof; wherein the at least one non-borated dispersant has abasic nitrogen content of 1% or greater; and wherein wear control isimproved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improvedas compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achievedusing a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the atleast one detergent and the at least two dispersants.

6. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast two detergents and at least two dispersants, as minor components;wherein the at least two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof;wherein at least one of the detergents has a total base number (TBN)greater than 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than150; wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the at least twodetergents is less than 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil;wherein the at least two dispersants comprise at least one borateddispersant and at least one non-borated dispersant; wherein the at leastone borated dispersant comprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic acid, a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydridederivative, or mixtures thereof; wherein the at least one borateddispersant is present in an amount sufficient to provide a total boronconcentration of 500 parts per million or less in the lubricating oil;wherein the at least one non-borated dispersant comprises a(poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, or mixtures thereof; wherein the atleast one non-borated dispersant has a basic nitrogen content of 1% orgreater; and wherein wear control is improved and deposit control andcleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wear control,deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least two detergents andthe at least two dispersants.

7. The method of clauses 1-6 wherein piston cleanliness (merits) isimproved as compared to piston cleanliness (merits) achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent, or other than the at least two detergents, or other than theat least one detergent and the at least one dispersant, or other thanthe at least two detergents and the at least one dispersant, or otherthan the at least one detergent and the at least two dispersants, orother than the at least two detergents and the at least two dispersants,as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 test engine in accordance with CECL78-T-99 test procedure.

8. The method of clauses 1-6 wherein elongation of timing chain due towear of chain link pins is less than 0.07%, as determined by a FordChain Wear (FCW) test conducted in a gasoline direct-injection (GDI)engine.

9. The method of clauses 1-6 wherein, in wear measurements of thelubricating oil by a Sequence IVB engine test, intake lifter wear (mm³)is improved as compared to intake lifter wear (mm³) achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent, or other than the at least two detergents, or other than theat least one detergent and the at least one dispersant, or other thanthe at least two detergents and the at least one dispersant, or otherthan the at least one detergent and the at least two dispersants, orother than the at least two detergents and the at least two dispersants.

10. The method of clauses 1-6 wherein, in deposit measurements of thelubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST 33C)measured by ASTM D6335, the amount of total deposits is reduced ascompared to the amount of total deposits in a lubricating oil containinga minor component other than the at least one detergent, or other thanthe at least two detergents, or other than the at least one detergentand the at least one dispersant, or other than the at least twodetergents and the at least one dispersant, or other than the at leastone detergent and the at least two dispersants, or other than the atleast two detergents and the at least two dispersants.

11. The method of clauses 1-6 wherein, in deposit measurements of thelubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST MHT-4)measured by ASTM D7097, the amount of total deposits is reduced ascompared to the amount of total deposits in a lubricating oil containinga minor component other than the at least one detergent, or other thanthe at least two detergents, or other than the at least one detergentand the at least one dispersant, or other than the at least twodetergents and the at least one dispersant, or other than the at leastone detergent and the at least two dispersants, or other than the atleast two detergents and the at least two dispersants.

12. A lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil basestock as a major component, and at least one detergent, as a minorcomponent; wherein the at least one detergent comprises an alkalineearth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixturesthereof, all having the same or different total base number (TBN);wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the at least one detergentis less than 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil; and wherein, inan engine or other mechanical component lubricated with the lubricatingoil, wear control is improved and deposit control and cleanliness aremaintained or improved as compared to wear control, deposit control andcleanliness achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least one detergent.

13. A lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil basestock as a major component; and at least two detergents, as minorcomponents; wherein the at least two detergents comprise an alkalineearth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixturesthereof; wherein at least one of the detergents has a total base number(TBN) greater than 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than 150; wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the atleast two detergents is less than 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil; and wherein, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricatedwith the lubricating oil, wear control is improved and deposit controland cleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wear control,deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least two detergents.

14. A lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil basestock as a major component; and at least one detergent and at least onedispersant, as minor components; wherein the at least one detergentcomprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the same or different totalbase number (TBN); wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the atleast one detergent is less than 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil; wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a borated ornon-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, ahydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one dispersant has a basic nitrogencontent of 1% or greater; and wherein, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with the lubricating oil, wear control is improvedand deposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improved ascompared to wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achieved usinga lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at leastone detergent and the at least one dispersant.

15. A lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil basestock as a major component; and at least two detergents and at least onedispersant, as minor components; wherein the at least two detergentscomprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof; wherein at least one of the detergentshas a total base number (TBN) greater than 150, and at least one of thedetergents has a TBN less than 150; wherein the total amount of soapdelivered by the at least two detergents is less than 0.60 weightpercent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at least one dispersantcomprises a borated or non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinicacid, a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, ormixtures thereof; wherein the at least one dispersant has a basicnitrogen content of 1% or greater; and wherein, in an engine or othermechanical component lubricated with the lubricating oil, wear controlis improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained orimproved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least two detergents and the at least one dispersant.

16. A lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil basestock as a major component; and at least one detergent and at least twodispersants, as minor components; wherein the at least one detergentcomprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the same or different totalbase number (TBN); wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the atleast one detergent is less than 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil; wherein the at least two dispersants comprise at least one borateddispersant and at least one non-borated dispersant; wherein the at leastone borated dispersant comprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic acid, a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydridederivative, or mixtures thereof; wherein the at least one non-borateddispersant comprises a non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinicacid, a non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydridederivative, or mixtures thereof; wherein the at least one borateddispersant is present in an amount sufficient to provide a total boronconcentration of 500 parts per million or less in the lubricating oil;wherein the at least one non-borated dispersant has a basic nitrogencontent of 1% or greater; and wherein, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with the lubricating oil, wear control is improvedand deposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improved ascompared to wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achieved usinga lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at leastone detergent and the at least two dispersants.

17. A lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil basestock as a major component; and at least two detergents and at least twodispersants, as minor components; wherein the at least two detergentscomprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof; wherein at least one of the detergentshas a total base number (TBN) greater than 150, and at least one of thedetergents has a TBN less than 150; wherein the total amount of soapdelivered by the at least two detergents is less than 0.60 weightpercent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at least two dispersantscomprise at least one borated dispersant and at least one non-borateddispersant; wherein the at least one borated dispersant comprises aborated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one non-borated dispersant comprises anon-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a non-boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one borated dispersant is present in anamount sufficient to provide a total boron concentration of 500 partsper million or less in the lubricating oil; wherein the at least onenon-borated dispersant has a basic nitrogen content of 1% or greater;and wherein, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated withthe lubricating oil, wear control is improved and deposit control andcleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wear control,deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least two detergents andthe at least two dispersants.

All patents and patent applications, test procedures (such as ASTMmethods, UL methods, and the like), and other documents cited herein arefully incorporated by reference to the extent such disclosure is notinconsistent with this disclosure and for all jurisdictions in whichsuch incorporation is permitted.

When numerical lower limits and numerical upper limits are listedherein, ranges from any lower limit to any upper limit are contemplated.While the illustrative embodiments of the disclosure have been describedwith particularity, it will be understood that various othermodifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by thoseskilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of thedisclosure. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claimsappended hereto be limited to the examples and descriptions set forthherein but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all thefeatures of patentable novelty which reside in the present disclosure,including all features which would be treated as equivalents thereof bythose skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains.

The present disclosure has been described above with reference tonumerous embodiments and specific examples. Many variations will suggestthemselves to those skilled in this art in light of the above detaileddescription. All such obvious variations are within the full intendedscope of the appended claims.

1. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast one detergent, as a minor component; wherein the at least onedetergent comprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkalineearth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the same ordifferent total base number (TBN); wherein the total amount of soapdelivered by the at least one detergent is less than about 0.60 weightpercent of the lubricating oil; and wherein wear control is improved anddeposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improved as comparedto wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein piston cleanliness (merits)is improved as compared to piston cleanliness (merits) achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent, as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 test engine in accordancewith CEC L78-T-99 test procedure.
 3. The method of claim 1 whereinelongation of timing chain due to wear of chain link pins is less thanabout 0.07%, as determined by a Ford Chain Wear (FCW) test conducted ina gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine.
 4. The method of claim 1wherein, in wear measurements of the lubricating oil by a Sequence IVBengine test, intake lifter wear (mm³) is improved as compared to intakelifter wear (mm³) achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least one detergent.
 5. The method of claim1 wherein, in deposit measurements of the lubricating oil bythermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST 33C) measured by ASTMD6335, the amount of total deposits is reduced as compared to the amountof total deposits in a lubricating oil containing a minor componentother than the at least one detergent.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein,in deposit measurements of the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidationengine oil simulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTM D7097, the amountof total deposits is reduced as compared to the amount of total depositsin a lubricating oil containing a minor component other than the atleast one detergent.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein wear control isimproved and deposit, varnish and sludge control, and fuel efficiencyare maintained or improved as compared to wear control, deposit, varnishand sludge control, and fuel efficiency achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least one detergent. 8.The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one detergent comprises analkaline earth metal salicylate, a mixture of alkaline earth metalsalicylates, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, a mixture of alkalineearth metal sulfonates, or a mixture of alkaline earth metal salicylatesand alkaline earth metal sulfonates, all having the same or differenttotal base number (TBN).
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein, for a mixtureof alkaline earth metal salicylates and alkaline earth metal sulfonates,all having the same or different total base number (TBN), the weightratio of alkaline earth metal salicylates to alkaline earth metalsulfonates is from about 1:100 to about 100:1.
 10. The method of claim 8wherein, for a mixture of alkaline earth metal salicylates having thesame or different total base number (TBN), the weight ratio of a firstalkaline earth metal salicylate to a second alkaline earth metalsalicylate is from about 1:100 to about 100:1; or wherein, for a mixtureof alkaline earth metal sulfonates having the same or different totalbase number (TBN), the weight ratio of a first alkaline earth metalsulfonate to a second alkaline earth metal sulfonate is from about 1:100to about 100:1.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the total amount ofsoap delivered by the at least one detergent is less than about 0.50weight percent of the lubricating oil.
 12. The method of claim 1 whereinthe at least one detergent is selected from the group consisting of: adetergent having a TBN greater than about 150; a detergent having a TBNless than about 150; and mixtures thereof.
 13. The method of claim 1wherein the lubricating oil base stock comprises a Group I, Group II,Group III, Group IV or Group V base oil.
 14. The method of claim 1wherein the at least one detergent is present in an amount of from about0.001 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, based on the totalweight of the formulated oil.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein thelubricating oil base stock is present in an amount of from about 6weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe formulated oil.
 16. The method of claim 1 wherein the formulated oilfurther comprises one or more of an antiwear additive, viscositymodifiers, antioxidant, other detergent, dispersant, pour pointdepressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibilityadditive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, and anti-rust additive.
 17. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the lubricating oil is a passenger vehicleengine oil (PVEO).
 18. A lubricating oil composition comprising alubricating oil base stock as a major component, and at least onedetergent, as a minor component; wherein the at least one detergentcomprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the same or different totalbase number (TBN); wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the atleast one detergent is less than about 0.60 weight percent of thelubricating oil; and wherein, in an engine or other mechanical componentlubricated with the lubricating oil, wear control is improved anddeposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improved as comparedto wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent.
 19. A method for improving wear control, while maintaining orimproving deposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or othermechanical component lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as thelubricating oil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having acomposition comprising a lubricating oil base stock as a majorcomponent; and at least two detergents, as minor components; wherein theat least two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, analkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof; wherein at leastone of the detergents has a total base number (TBN) greater than about150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150;wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the at least twodetergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil; and wherein wear control is improved and deposit control andcleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wear control,deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least two detergents. 20.The method of claim 19 wherein piston cleanliness (merits) is improvedas compared to piston cleanliness (merits) achieved using a lubricatingoil containing a minor component other than the at least two detergents,as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 test engine in accordance with CECL78-T-99 test procedure.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein elongationof timing chain due to wear of chain link pins is less than about 0.07%,as determined by a Ford Chain Wear (FCW) test conducted in a gasolinedirect-injection (GDI) engine.
 22. The method of claim 19 wherein, inwear measurements of the lubricating oil by a Sequence IVB engine test,intake lifter wear (mm³) is improved as compared to intake lifter wear(mm³) achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor componentother than the at least two detergents.
 23. The method of claim 19wherein, in deposit measurements of the lubricating oil bythermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST 33C) measured by ASTMD6335, the amount of total deposits is reduced as compared to the amountof total deposits in a lubricating oil containing a minor componentother than the at least two detergents.
 24. The method of claim 19wherein, in deposit measurements of the lubricating oil bythermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTMD7097, the amount of total deposits is reduced as compared to the amountof total deposits in a lubricating oil containing a minor componentother than the at least two detergents.
 25. The method of claim 19wherein wear control is improved and deposit, varnish and sludgecontrol, and fuel efficiency are maintained or improved as compared towear control, deposit, varnish and sludge control, and fuel efficiencyachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least two detergents.
 26. The method of claim 19 wherein the atleast two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, amixture of alkaline earth metal salicylates, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, a mixture of alkaline earth metal sulfonates, or a mixture ofalkaline earth metal salicylates and alkaline earth metal sulfonates,wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBN greater than about 150,and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than about
 150. 27.The method of claim 26 wherein, for a mixture of detergents comprisingalkaline earth metal salicylates and alkaline earth metal sulfonates,wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBN greater than about 150,and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150, theweight ratio of alkaline earth metal salicylates to alkaline earth metalsulfonates is from about 1:100 to about 100:1.
 28. The method of claim26 wherein, for a mixture of detergents comprising alkaline earth metalsalicylates, wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBN greaterthan about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less thanabout 150, the weight ratio of a first alkaline earth metal salicylateto a second alkaline earth metal salicylate is from about 1:100 to about100:1; or wherein, for a mixture of detergents comprising alkaline earthmetal sulfonates, wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBNgreater than about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than about 150, the weight ratio of a first alkaline earth metalsulfonate to a second alkaline earth metal sulfonate is from about 1:100to about 100:1.
 29. The method of claim 19 wherein the total amount ofsoap delivered by the at least two detergents is less than about 0.50weight percent of the lubricating oil.
 30. The method of claim 19wherein the lubricating oil base stock comprises a Group I, Group II,Group III, Group IV or Group V base oil.
 31. The method of claim 19wherein the at least two detergents are present in an amount of fromabout 0.001 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, based on thetotal weight of the formulated oil.
 32. The method of claim 19 whereinthe lubricating oil base stock is present in an amount of from about 6weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe formulated oil.
 33. The method of claim 19 wherein the formulatedoil further comprises one or more of an antiwear additive, viscositymodifiers, antioxidant, other detergent, dispersant, pour pointdepressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibilityadditive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, and anti-rust additive.
 34. Themethod of claim 19 wherein the lubricating oil is a passenger vehicleengine oil (PVEO).
 35. A lubricating oil composition comprising alubricating oil base stock as a major component; and at least twodetergents, as minor components; wherein the at least two detergentscomprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof; wherein at least one of the detergentshas a total base number (TBN) greater than about 150, and at least oneof the detergents has a TBN less than about 150; wherein the totalamount of soap delivered by the at least two detergents is less thanabout 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil; and wherein, in anengine or other mechanical component lubricated with the lubricatingoil, wear control is improved and deposit control and cleanliness aremaintained or improved as compared to wear control, deposit control andcleanliness achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least two detergents.
 36. A method forimproving wear control, while maintaining or improving deposit controland cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricatedwith a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil,said formulated oil having a composition comprising a lubricating oilbase stock as a major component; and at least one detergent and at leastone dispersant, as minor components; wherein the at least one detergentcomprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the same or different totalbase number (TBN); wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the atleast one detergent is less than about 0.60 weight percent of thelubricating oil; wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a boratedor non-borated (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, or mixtures thereof;wherein the at least one dispersant has a basic nitrogen content ofabout 1% or greater; and wherein wear control is improved and depositcontrol and cleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wearcontrol, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricatingoil containing a minor component other than the at least one detergentand the at least one dispersant.
 37. The method of claim 36 whereinpiston cleanliness (merits) is improved as compared to pistoncleanliness (merits) achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least one detergent and the at least onedispersant, as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 test engine in accordancewith CEC L78-T-99 test procedure.
 38. The method of claim 36 whereinelongation of timing chain due to wear of chain link pins is less thanabout 0.07%, as determined by a Ford Chain Wear (FCW) test conducted ina gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine.
 39. The method of claim 36wherein, in wear measurements of the lubricating oil by a Sequence IVBengine test, intake lifter wear (mm³) is improved as compared to intakelifter wear (mm³) achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least one detergent and the at least onedispersant.
 40. The method of claim 36 wherein, in deposit measurementsof the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST33C) measured by ASTM D6335, the amount of total deposits is reduced ascompared to the amount of total deposits in a lubricating oil containinga minor component other than the at least one detergent and the at leastone dispersant.
 41. The method of claim 36 wherein, in depositmeasurements of the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engine oilsimulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTM D7097, the amount of totaldeposits is reduced as compared to the amount of total deposits in alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent and the at least one dispersant.
 42. The method of claim 36wherein wear control is improved and deposit, varnish and sludgecontrol, and fuel efficiency are maintained or improved as compared towear control, deposit, varnish and sludge control, and fuel efficiencyachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least one detergent and the at least one dispersant.
 43. Themethod of claim 36 wherein the at least one detergent comprises analkaline earth metal salicylate, a mixture of alkaline earth metalsalicylates, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, a mixture of alkalineearth metal sulfonates, or a mixture of alkaline earth metal salicylatesand alkaline earth metal sulfonates, all having the same or differenttotal base number (TBN).
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein, for amixture of alkaline earth metal salicylates and alkaline earth metalsulfonates, all having the same or different total base number (TBN),the weight ratio of alkaline earth metal salicylates to alkaline earthmetal sulfonates is from about 1:100 to about 100:1.
 45. The method ofclaim 43 wherein, for a mixture of alkaline earth metal salicylateshaving the same or different total base number (TBN), the weight ratioof a first alkaline earth metal salicylate to a second alkaline earthmetal salicylate is from about 1:100 to about 100:1; or wherein, for amixture of alkaline earth metal sulfonates having the same or differenttotal base number (TBN), the weight ratio of a first alkaline earthmetal sulfonate to a second alkaline earth metal sulfonate is from about1:100 to about 100:1.
 46. The method of claim 36 wherein the totalamount of soap delivered by the at least one detergent is less thanabout 0.50 weight percent of the lubricating oil.
 47. The method ofclaim 36 wherein the at least one detergent is selected from the groupconsisting of: a detergent having a TBN greater than about 150; adetergent having a TBN less than about 150; and mixtures thereof. 48.The method of claim 36 wherein the at least one dispersant comprisesborated or non-borated polyisobutylene succinimide (PIMA) having a basicnitrogen content of about 1% or greater.
 49. The method of claim 36wherein the lubricating oil base stock comprises a Group I, Group II,Group III, Group IV or Group V base oil.
 50. The method of claim 36wherein the at least one detergent is present in an amount of from about0.001 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, based on the totalweight of the formulated oil.
 51. The method of claim 36 wherein thelubricating oil base stock is present in an amount of from about 6weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe formulated oil.
 52. The method of claim 36 wherein the formulatedoil further comprises one or more of an antiwear additive, viscositymodifiers, antioxidant, other detergent, other dispersant, pour pointdepressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, seal compatibilityadditive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, and anti-rust additive.
 53. Themethod of claim 36 wherein the lubricating oil is a passenger vehicleengine oil (PVEO).
 54. A lubricating oil composition comprising alubricating oil base stock as a major component; and at least onedetergent and at least one dispersant, as minor components; wherein theat least one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, analkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, all having the sameor different total base number (TBN); wherein the total amount of soapdelivered by the at least one detergent is less than about 0.60 weightpercent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at least one dispersantcomprises a borated or non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinicacid, a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, ormixtures thereof; wherein the at least one dispersant has a basicnitrogen content of about 1% or greater; and wherein, in an engine orother mechanical component lubricated with the lubricating oil, wearcontrol is improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintainedor improved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least one detergent and the at least one dispersant.
 55. A methodfor improving wear control, while maintaining or improving depositcontrol and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanical componentlubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil aformulated oil, said formulated oil having a composition comprising alubricating oil base stock as a major component; and at least twodetergents and at least one dispersant, as minor components; wherein theat least two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, analkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof; wherein at leastone of the detergents has a total base number (TBN) greater than about150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150;wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the at least twodetergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of the lubricatingoil; wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a borated ornon-borated (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative, or mixtures thereof;wherein the at least one dispersant has a basic nitrogen content ofabout 1% or greater; and wherein wear control is improved and depositcontrol and cleanliness are maintained or improved as compared to wearcontrol, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using a lubricatingoil containing a minor component other than the at least two detergentsand the at least one dispersant.
 56. The method of claim 55 whereinpiston cleanliness (merits) is improved as compared to pistoncleanliness (merits) achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least two detergents and the at least onedispersant, as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 test engine in accordancewith CEC L78-T-99 test procedure.
 57. The method of claim 55 whereinelongation of timing chain due to wear of chain link pins is less thanabout 0.07%, as determined by a Ford Chain Wear (FCW) test conducted ina gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine.
 58. The method of claim 55wherein, in wear measurements of the lubricating oil by a Sequence IVBengine test, intake lifter wear (mm³) is improved as compared to intakelifter wear (mm³) achieved using a lubricating oil containing a minorcomponent other than the at least two detergents and the at least onedispersant.
 59. The method of claim 55 wherein, in deposit measurementsof the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST33C) measured by ASTM D6335, the amount of total deposits is reduced ascompared to the amount of total deposits in a lubricating oil containinga minor component other than the at least two detergents and the atleast one dispersant.
 60. The method of claim 55 wherein, in depositmeasurements of the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engine oilsimulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTM D7097, the amount of totaldeposits is reduced as compared to the amount of total deposits in alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least twodetergents and the at least one dispersant.
 61. The method of claim 55wherein wear control is improved and deposit, varnish and sludgecontrol, and fuel efficiency are maintained or improved as compared towear control, deposit, varnish and sludge control, and fuel efficiencyachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least two detergents and the at least one dispersant.
 62. Themethod of claim 55 wherein the at least two detergents comprise analkaline earth metal salicylate, a mixture of alkaline earth metalsalicylates, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, a mixture of alkalineearth metal sulfonates, or a mixture of alkaline earth metal salicylatesand alkaline earth metal sulfonates, wherein at least one of thedetergents has a TBN greater than about 150, and at least one of thedetergents has a TBN less than about
 150. 63. The method of claim 62wherein, for a mixture of detergents comprising alkaline earth metalsalicylates and alkaline earth metal sulfonates, wherein at least one ofthe detergents has a TBN greater than about 150, and at least one of thedetergents has a TBN less than about 150, the weight ratio of alkalineearth metal salicylates to alkaline earth metal sulfonates is from about1:100 to about 100:1.
 64. The method of claim 62 wherein, for a mixtureof detergents comprising alkaline earth metal salicylates, wherein atleast one of the detergents has a TBN greater than about 150, and atleast one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150, the weightratio of a first alkaline earth metal salicylate to a second alkalineearth metal salicylate is from about 1:100 to about 100:1; or wherein,for a mixture of detergents comprising alkaline earth metal sulfonates,wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBN greater than about 150,and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150, theweight ratio of a first alkaline earth metal sulfonate to a secondalkaline earth metal sulfonate is from about 1:100 to about 100:1. 65.The method of claim 55 wherein the total amount of soap delivered by theat least two detergents is less than about 0.50 weight percent of thelubricating oil.
 66. The method of claim 55 wherein the at least onedispersant comprises borated or non-borated polyisobutylene succinimide(PIBSA) having a basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater.
 67. Themethod of claim 55 wherein the lubricating oil base stock comprises aGroup I, Group II, Group III, Group IV or Group V base oil.
 68. Themethod of claim 55 wherein the at least two detergents are present in anamount of from about 0.001 weight percent to about 20 weight percent,based on the total weight of the formulated oil.
 69. The method of claim55 wherein the lubricating oil base stock is present in an amount offrom about 6 weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on thetotal weight of the formulated oil.
 70. The method of claim 55 whereinthe formulated oil further comprises one or more of an antiwearadditive, viscosity modifiers, antioxidant, other detergent, dispersant,pour point depressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, sealcompatibility additive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, and anti-rustadditive.
 71. The method of claim 55 wherein the lubricating oil is apassenger vehicle engine oil (PVEO).
 72. A lubricating oil compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast two detergents and at least one dispersant, as minor components;wherein the at least two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof;wherein at least one of the detergents has a total base number (TBN)greater than about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than about 150; wherein the total amount of soap delivered by theat least two detergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of thelubricating oil; wherein the at least one dispersant comprises a boratedor non-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, ahydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one dispersant has a basic nitrogencontent of about 1% or greater; and wherein, in an engine or othermechanical component lubricated with the lubricating oil, wear controlis improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintained orimproved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least two detergents and the at least one dispersant.
 73. Amethod for improving wear control, while maintaining or improvingdeposit control and cleanliness, in an engine or other mechanicalcomponent lubricated with a lubricating oil by using as the lubricatingoil a formulated oil, said formulated oil having a compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast one detergent and at least two dispersants, as minor components;wherein the at least one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, allhaving the same or different total base number (TBN); wherein the totalamount of soap delivered by the at least one detergent is less thanabout 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at leasttwo dispersants comprise at least one borated dispersant and at leastone non-borated dispersant; wherein the at least one borated dispersantcomprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one borated dispersant is present in anamount sufficient to provide a total boron concentration of about 500parts per million or less in the lubricating oil; wherein the at leastone non-borated dispersant comprises a (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative,or mixtures thereof; wherein the at least one non-borated dispersant hasa basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater; and wherein wearcontrol is improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintainedor improved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least one detergent and the at least two dispersants.
 74. Themethod of claim 73 wherein piston cleanliness (merits) is improved ascompared to piston cleanliness (merits) achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least one detergent andthe at least two dispersants, as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 testengine in accordance with CEC L78-T-99 test procedure.
 75. The method ofclaim 73 wherein elongation of timing chain due to wear of chain linkpins is less than about 0.07%, as determined by a Ford Chain Wear (FCW)test conducted in a gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine.
 76. Themethod of claim 73 wherein, in wear measurements of the lubricating oilby a Sequence IVB engine test, intake lifter wear (mm³) is improved ascompared to intake lifter wear (mm³) achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least one detergent andthe at least two dispersants.
 77. The method of claim 73 wherein, indeposit measurements of the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engineoil simulation (TEOST 33C) measured by ASTM D6335, the amount of totaldeposits is reduced as compared to the amount of total deposits in alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent and the at least two dispersants.
 78. The method of claim 73wherein, in deposit measurements of the lubricating oil bythermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTMD7097, the amount of total deposits is reduced as compared to the amountof total deposits in a lubricating oil containing a minor componentother than the at least one detergent and the at least two dispersants.79. The method of claim 73 wherein wear control is improved and deposit,varnish and sludge control, and fuel efficiency are maintained orimproved as compared to wear control, deposit, varnish and sludgecontrol, and fuel efficiency achieved using a lubricating oil containinga minor component other than the at least one detergent and the at leasttwo dispersants.
 80. The method of claim 73 wherein the at least onedetergent comprises an alkaline earth metal salicylate, a mixture ofalkaline earth metal salicylates, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, amixture of alkaline earth metal sulfonates, or a mixture of alkalineearth metal salicylates and alkaline earth metal sulfonates, all havingthe same or different total base number (TBN).
 81. The method of claim80 wherein, for a mixture of alkaline earth metal salicylates andalkaline earth metal sulfonates, all having the same or different totalbase number (TBN), the weight ratio of alkaline earth metal salicylatesto alkaline earth metal sulfonates is from about 1:100 to about 100:1.82. The method of claim 80 wherein, for a mixture of alkaline earthmetal salicylates having the same or different total base number (TBN),the weight ratio of a first alkaline earth metal salicylate to a secondalkaline earth metal salicylate is from about 1:100 to about 100:1; orwherein, for a mixture of alkaline earth metal sulfonates having thesame or different total base number (TBN), the weight ratio of a firstalkaline earth metal sulfonate to a second alkaline earth metalsulfonate is from about 1:100 to about 100:1.
 83. The method of claim 73wherein the total amount of soap delivered by the at least one detergentis less than about 0.50 weight percent of the lubricating oil.
 84. Themethod of claim 73 wherein the at least one detergent is selected fromthe group consisting of: a detergent having a TBN greater than about150; a detergent having a TBN less than about 150; and mixtures thereof.85. The method of claim 73 wherein the borated dispersant comprises aborated succinimide, or mixtures thereof.
 86. The method of claim 73wherein the borated dispersant is present in an amount sufficient toprovide a total boron concentration of about 400 parts per million orless in the lubricating oil.
 87. The method of claim 73 wherein the atleast one non-borated dispersant comprises non-borated polyisobutylenesuccinimide (PIMA) having a basic nitrogen content of about 1% orgreater.
 88. The method of claim 73 wherein the lubricating oil basestock comprises a Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV or Group V baseoil.
 89. The method of claim 73 wherein the at least one detergent ispresent in an amount of from about 0.001 weight percent to about 20weight percent, based on the total weight of the formulated oil; andwherein the at least two dispersants are present in an amount of fromabout 0.001 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, based on thetotal weight of the formulated oil.
 90. The method of claim 73 whereinthe lubricating oil base stock is present in an amount of from about 6weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe formulated oil.
 91. The method of claim 73 wherein the formulatedoil further comprises one or more of an antiwear additive, otherviscosity modifiers, antioxidant, other detergent, dispersant, pourpoint depressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, sealcompatibility additive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, and anti-rustadditive.
 92. The method of claim 73 wherein the lubricating oil is apassenger vehicle engine oil (PVEO).
 93. A lubricating oil compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast one detergent and at least two dispersants, as minor components;wherein the at least one detergent comprises an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof, allhaving the same or different total base number (TBN); wherein the totalamount of soap delivered by the at least one detergent is less thanabout 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at leasttwo dispersants comprise at least one borated dispersant and at leastone non-borated dispersant; wherein the at least one borated dispersantcomprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one non-borated dispersant comprises anon-borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a non-boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one borated dispersant is present in anamount sufficient to provide a total boron concentration of about 500parts per million or less in the lubricating oil; wherein the at leastone non-borated dispersant has a basic nitrogen content of about 1% orgreater; and wherein, in an engine or other mechanical componentlubricated with the lubricating oil, wear control is improved anddeposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improved as comparedto wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least onedetergent and the at least two dispersants.
 94. A method for improvingwear control, while maintaining or improving deposit control andcleanliness, in an engine or other mechanical component lubricated witha lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil, saidformulated oil having a composition comprising a lubricating oil basestock as a major component; and at least two detergents and at least twodispersants, as minor components; wherein the at least two detergentscomprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, an alkaline earth metalsulfonate, or mixtures thereof; wherein at least one of the detergentshas a total base number (TBN) greater than about 150, and at least oneof the detergents has a TBN less than about 150; wherein the totalamount of soap delivered by the at least two detergents is less thanabout 0.60 weight percent of the lubricating oil; wherein the at leasttwo dispersants comprise at least one borated dispersant and at leastone non-borated dispersant; wherein the at least one borated dispersantcomprises a borated hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one borated dispersant is present in anamount sufficient to provide a total boron concentration of about 500parts per million or less in the lubricating oil; wherein the at leastone non-borated dispersant comprises a (poly)alkenylsuccinic derivative,or mixtures thereof; wherein the at least one non-borated dispersant hasa basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater; and wherein wearcontrol is improved and deposit control and cleanliness are maintainedor improved as compared to wear control, deposit control and cleanlinessachieved using a lubricating oil containing a minor component other thanthe at least two detergents and the at least two dispersants.
 95. Themethod of claim 94 wherein piston cleanliness (merits) is improved ascompared to piston cleanliness (merits) achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least two detergents andthe at least two dispersants, as determined in a Volkswagen TDI2 testengine in accordance with CEC L78-T-99 test procedure.
 96. The method ofclaim 94 wherein elongation of timing chain due to wear of chain linkpins is less than about 0.07%, as determined by a Ford Chain Wear (FCW)test conducted in a gasoline direct-injection (GDI) engine.
 97. Themethod of claim 94 wherein, in wear measurements of the lubricating oilby a Sequence IVB engine test, intake lifter wear (mm³) is improved ascompared to intake lifter wear (mm³) achieved using a lubricating oilcontaining a minor component other than the at least two detergents andthe at least two dispersants.
 98. The method of claim 94 wherein, indeposit measurements of the lubricating oil by thermo-oxidation engineoil simulation (TEOST 33C) measured by ASTM D6335, the amount of totaldeposits is reduced as compared to the amount of total deposits in alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least twodetergents and the at least two dispersants.
 99. The method of claim 94wherein, in deposit measurements of the lubricating oil bythermo-oxidation engine oil simulation (TEOST MHT-4) measured by ASTMD7097, the amount of total deposits is reduced as compared to the amountof total deposits in a lubricating oil containing a minor componentother than the at least two detergents and the at least two dispersants.100. The method of claim 94 wherein wear control is improved anddeposit, varnish and sludge control, and fuel efficiency are maintainedor improved as compared to wear control, deposit, varnish and sludgecontrol, and fuel efficiency achieved using a lubricating oil containinga minor component other than the at least two detergents and the atleast two dispersants.
 101. The method of claim 94 wherein the at leasttwo detergents comprise an alkaline earth metal salicylate, a mixture ofalkaline earth metal salicylates, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, amixture of alkaline earth metal sulfonates, or a mixture of alkalineearth metal salicylates and alkaline earth metal sulfonates, wherein atleast one of the detergents has a TBN greater than about 150, and atleast one of the detergents has a TBN less than about
 150. 102. Themethod of claim 101 wherein, for a mixture of detergents comprisingalkaline earth metal salicylates and alkaline earth metal sulfonates,wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBN greater than about 150,and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less than about 150, theweight ratio of alkaline earth metal salicylates to alkaline earth metalsulfonates is from about 1:100 to about 100:1.
 103. The method of claim101 wherein, for a mixture of detergents comprising alkaline earth metalsalicylates, wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBN greaterthan about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBN less thanabout 150, the weight ratio of a first alkaline earth metal salicylateto a second alkaline earth metal salicylate is from about 1:100 to about100:1; or wherein, for a mixture of detergents comprising alkaline earthmetal sulfonates, wherein at least one of the detergents has a TBNgreater than about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than about 150, the weight ratio of a first alkaline earth metalsulfonate to a second alkaline earth metal sulfonate is from about 1:100to about 100:1.
 104. The method of claim 94 wherein the total amount ofsoap delivered by the at least two detergents is less than about 0.50weight percent of the lubricating oil.
 105. The method of claim 94wherein the borated dispersant comprises a borated succinimide, ormixtures thereof.
 106. The method of claim 94 wherein the borateddispersant is present in an amount sufficient to provide a total boronconcentration of about 400 parts per million or less in the lubricatingoil.
 107. The method of claim 94 wherein the at least one non-borateddispersant comprises non-borated polyisobutylene succinimide (PIMA)having a basic nitrogen content of about 1% or greater.
 108. The methodof claim 94 wherein the lubricating oil base stock comprises a Group I,Group II, Group III, Group IV or Group V base oil.
 109. The method ofclaim 94 wherein the at least two detergents are present in an amount offrom about 0.001 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, based on thetotal weight of the formulated oil.
 110. The method of claim 94 whereinthe lubricating oil base stock is present in an amount of from about 6weight percent to about 95 weight percent, based on the total weight ofthe formulated oil.
 111. The method of claim 94 wherein the formulatedoil further comprises one or more of an antiwear additive, otherviscosity modifiers, antioxidant, other detergent, dispersant, pourpoint depressant, corrosion inhibitor, metal deactivator, sealcompatibility additive, anti-foam agent, inhibitor, and anti-rustadditive.
 112. The method of claim 94 wherein the lubricating oil is apassenger vehicle engine oil (PVEO).
 113. A lubricating oil compositioncomprising a lubricating oil base stock as a major component; and atleast two detergents and at least two dispersants, as minor components;wherein the at least two detergents comprise an alkaline earth metalsalicylate, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate, or mixtures thereof;wherein at least one of the detergents has a total base number (TBN)greater than about 150, and at least one of the detergents has a TBNless than about 150; wherein the total amount of soap delivered by theat least two detergents is less than about 0.60 weight percent of thelubricating oil; wherein the at least two dispersants comprise at leastone borated dispersant and at least one non-borated dispersant; whereinthe at least one borated dispersant comprises a boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a borated hydrocarbyl-substitutedsuccinic anhydride derivative, or mixtures thereof; wherein the at leastone non-borated dispersant comprises a non-boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid, a non-boratedhydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derivative, or mixturesthereof; wherein the at least one borated dispersant is present in anamount sufficient to provide a total boron concentration of about 500parts per million or less in the lubricating oil; wherein the at leastone non-borated dispersant has a basic nitrogen content of about 1% orgreater; and wherein, in an engine or other mechanical componentlubricated with the lubricating oil, wear control is improved anddeposit control and cleanliness are maintained or improved as comparedto wear control, deposit control and cleanliness achieved using alubricating oil containing a minor component other than the at least twodetergents and the at least two dispersants.